Ama-Flame Retardants: Okuyikho nokuthi Asebenza Kanjani Ukukugcina Uphephile

Wake wazibuza ukuthi yimaphi lawo makhemikhali axakile afakwa efenisha nakweminye imikhiqizo ukuze angalibazisi ilangabi?

I-flame retardant yinto engezwe kwenye into ukunciphisa ukuvutha kwayo. Isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa ifenisha, izinto zikagesi, izinto zokwakha, nezindwangu. 

Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi yini i-flame retardant, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani yengezwa emikhiqizweni.

Ama-Flame Retardants: Okufanele Ukwazi

Ama-flame retardants ngamakhemikhali afakwa ezintweni ukuze kwehliswe ijubane noma avimbele ukubhebhetheka komlilo. Avame ukutholakala emikhiqizweni efana nefenisha, izinto zikagesi, nezinto zokwakha. Izinqamuli zomlilo zisebenza ngokuthinta ngokoqobo inqubo yokuvutha, engasiza ukuvikela abantu nempahla emonakalweni womlilo.

Kungani I-Flame Retardants Ibalulekile?

Ukuba khona kwama-flame retardants ezintweni kanye nemikhiqizo kubalulekile ekuphepheni, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni nasekwakhiweni. Izinqamuleli zomlilo zingasiza ekulawuleni ukubhebhetheka komlilo, zinikeze isikhathi esengeziwe sokuthi abantu baphume futhi nokuthi izicishamlilo zithathe isinyathelo. Ziyadingeka futhi ukuze zihlangabezane nezindinganiso nemithethonqubo ethile yokuphepha.

Asetshenziswa Kanjani Ama-Flame Retardants?

Ama-flame retardants angangezwa ezintweni ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhiqiza noma asetshenziswe ngokuqondile njengokuqedwa noma imichilo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-flame retardants ezingasetshenziswa kuye ngezidingo ezithile zempahla noma umkhiqizo. Isibonelo, ezinye izinto ezivimbela ilangabi zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwe-polymer, kuyilapho ezinye zengezwa ensimbi ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nomlilo.

Yiziphi Izinto Eziqukethe Ama-Flame Retardants?

Ama-flame retardants angatholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto kanye nemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa:

• Ifenisha
• Electronics
• Izinto zokwakha (njenge-insulation, izintambo, nokufulela)
• Izindwangu (njengamakhethini nokhaphethi)
• Ukupakisha amanzi nokudla
• Amathoyizi ezingane

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zama-Flame Retardants?

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamalangabi, ngayinye inokusetshenziswa kwayo okukhethekile kanye nemiphumela. Ezinye ze-flame retardants ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• Ama-halogenated flame retardants (njengama-brominated and chlorinated compounds)
• Ama-flame retardants asekelwe ku-phosphorus
• I-nitrogen-based flame retardants
• I-mineral-based flame retardants (njenge-aluminium hydroxide ne-magnesium hydroxide)

Asebenza Kanjani Ama-Flame Retardants?

Ama-flame retardants asebenza ngokuthinta ngokomzimba inqubo yokuvutha. Lokhu bangakwenza ngezindlela eziningi, njengalezi:

• Ukudedela amanzi noma amanye amakhemikhali ukuze kuphole into futhi kuvinjwe ukuthi ingafiki kuzinga lokushisa layo lokuthungela
• Ukudala umgoqo phakathi kwezinto nelangabi ukuvimbela umlilo ukuthi ungabhebhetheki
• Ukukhiqiza amagesi anganciphisa umoya-mpilo osemoyeni futhi abambezele inqubo yokuvutha

Ungayithola Kanjani Imikhiqizo Ngama-Flame Retardants?

How to strip wire fast

Share

Watch on

Uma ufuna imikhiqizo equkethe ama-flame retardants, ziningi izindlela zokuyithola. Ngokwesibonelo, ungakwazi:

• Funda amalebula omkhiqizo bese ubheka ulwazi mayelana namalangabi omlilo
• Thenga ezitolo ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ngemikhiqizo enama-flame retardants, njengalezo ezidayisa ifenisha noma izinto zikagesi
• Bheka imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha, ezivame ukudinga ukusetshenziswa kwama-flame retardants

Ingabe Ama-Flame Retardants Ayadingeka Njalo?

Nakuba ama-flame retardants abalulekile ekuphepheni ezimweni eziningi, akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, ezinye izinto zingase zingadingi izinto ezivimbela ilangabi uma zingashi kakhulu noma uma zingasetshenziswa ezimeni lapho umlilo uyingozi. Ukwengeza, amanye ama-flame retardants angase abe nemiphumela emibi edlula izinzuzo zabo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa kwe-flame retardants kunoma yisiphi isimo.

Amakilasi Okubuyiswa Kwamalangabi: Ukuhlola Izinhlobo Namafomu Ahlukene

Ama-flame retardants ayinhlanganisela noma izinto ezifakwa kwezinye izinto ukuze zikwazi ukuvutha. Lezi zithako ziza ngezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukene, futhi zisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ukuvikela ezingozini zomlilo. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola amakilasi ahlukene ezinto ezivimba amalangabi kanye nempumelelo yazo ekuchayekeni emlilweni.

I-Class A Flame Retardants

• Izicishamlilo zesigaba A zinesilinganiso sokusabalala kwelangabi esiphakathi kukaziro no-25.
• Lezi zinto zisebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nokuchayeka okukhulu komlilo.
• Ezinye ze-Class A ezijwayelekile zokunciphisa ilangabi zihlanganisa:

- Aluminium hydroxide
I-Magnesium hydroxide (i-huntite)
- Amaminerali e-Boron
- Phosphate esters

• Lezi zinto ezivimbela amalangabi zisebenza ngokukhipha umhwamuko wamanzi lapho uchayeke emlilweni, opholisa izinto futhi uvimbele ukuthi ungavuthi.

Ama-Halogenated Flame Retardants

• Ama-halogenated flame retardants ayikilasi elihlukile lama-flame retardants ahlanganisa i-organohalogen compounds njenge-organochlorines ne-organobromines.
• Lezi zinciphisi zamalangabi zisebenza ngokukhulula ama-halogen radicals lapho evezwe emlilweni, asabela nelangabi futhi athuthukise izici ezibamba ilangabi zento.
• Ezinye ze-halogenated flame retardants ezivamile zihlanganisa:

- Izithako ze-chlorendic acid
– Tetrabromophthalic anhydride
– Tetrabromobisphenol A
I-Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) iphosphate
- I-Polymeric brominated ama-epoxy resins (nansi engcono kakhulu yokhuni)

Ukuqonda Isayensi Engemuva Kwe-Flame Retardant: Iqhaza Lezindlela Zokubuyiswa

Ama-flame retardants ama-compounds anezelwa ezintweni zokunciphisa ukuvutha kwazo. Indlela yokuvinjelwa kwama-flame retardants iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya izigaba eziningana. Umqondo oyisisekelo wezinqubo zokuvinjelwa ukuthi ukubola kwe-flame retardant kuzomunca ukushisa njengoba impahla ifudumala, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise izinga lokushisa lento. Lokhu kubangela amandla aphansi okuba izinto zithungele futhi zisakaze amalangabi.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezindlela Zokulibala

Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezindlela zokubuyisela emuva ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nama-flame retardants. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Ukuphazamisa inqubo yomlilo: Ezinye izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zingaphazamisa inqubo yokusha ngokuphazamisa ukugeleza komoyampilo noma uphethiloli oya emlilweni.

• Ukwakhiwa kwesendlalelo esivikelayo: Ezinye izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zingakha ungqimba oluvikelayo ebusweni bento, engavimbela ukusabalala kwamalangabi.

• Ukuncibilika kwamagesi avuthayo: Ezinye izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zingancibilikisa amagesi avuthayo akhiqizwa lapho kusha, kwenze kube nzima nakakhulu ukuba umlilo ubhebhetheke.

Iqhaza Lezinqubo Zokuvinjelwa Emikhiqizweni Ethize

Kudingeka ukuba khona kwezinqubo zokuvimbela emikhiqizweni ethile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo. Isibonelo, imikhiqizo yocingo neyekhebula kufanele ifakwe izinto ezivimbela ilangabi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhebhetheka komlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezithile ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izimoto nezindiza kumele nazo zikwazi ukumelana nelangabi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabagibeli.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Uhlobo Olulungile Lwe-Flame Retardant

Uhlobo lwe-flame retardant olusetshenziswa emkhiqizweni luncike ezicini ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa okuqukethwe kokokusebenza, imbangela engaba khona nemithelela yomlilo, kanye nokusebenza okudingekayo komkhiqizo wokugcina. Ezinye izici okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha i-flame retardant zihlanganisa:

• Okuqukethwe kokubalulekile: Ezinye izinto ezibuyisela amalangabi zifaneleka kakhulu izinhlobo ezithile zezinto kunezinye.

• Imbangela engaba khona kanye nemiphumela yomlilo: Uhlobo lwesinqamuleli somlilo esisetshenziswayo kufanele sikwazi ukubhekana nembangela ethile kanye nemiphumela yomlilo.

• Ukusebenza okudingekayo komkhiqizo wokugcina: I-flame retardant esetshenzisiwe kufanele ivumele umkhiqizo ukuthi usebenze kahle kakhulu ngenkathi isahlinzeka ngezinyathelo zokuphepha ezanele.

Ukubaluleka Kwemikhuba Emihle Yokukhiqiza

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-flame retardants isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, kubalulekile ukulandela imikhuba emihle yokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

• Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezithako ezivimbela amalangabi: Izithako ezifanele kufanele zisetshenziswe ngamanani afanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga elifiswayo lokuncipha komlilo.

• Ukuphatha ngendlela efanele imikhiqizo evimbela amalangabi: Imikhiqizo evimbela amalangabi kufanele isingathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe noma yiziphi izingozi ezingase zibe khona.

• Ukwandisa impahla yomkhiqizo ovimbela amalangabi: Amasu athile angasetshenziswa ukukhulisa impahla ebambezela ilangabi yomkhiqizo, njengokwengeza amalangabi akhethekile noma ukusebenzisa amasu athile okukhiqiza.

Ikhono Eliguquguqukayo Lezindlela Zokuvinjelwa

Izindlela zokuhlehla ziyimpahla eguquguqukayo kakhulu engahlanganiswa nezinye izakhiwo ukuze kwakhiwe iphakethe elihlomele ngokuphelele lezinyathelo zokuphepha. Ikhono lokulawula ukusabalala komlilo liyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphelele nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Uma zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, izindlela zokuhlehlisa zingasindisa izimpilo futhi zivimbele ukulimala kwempahla.

Izinto Ezenza Umehluko Ekubunjweni Kwelangabi

Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi zisetshenziswe isikhathi eside emhlabeni. Amandla okuhlola nokusebenza kwezinto ezibalulekile ezimelana nomlilo kube yinto ehamba phambili embonini yokwakha, yezimboni, yezokwelapha, yezemidlalo, kanye nezicisha umlilo. Esikhathini esedlule, izinto zemvelo ezifana noboya nosilika bezingadandi ilangabi ngokwemvelo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto ezintsha ezifana nenayiloni neminye imicu yokwenziwa iye yethulwa.

Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo Namuhla

Namuhla, izinto ezihlukahlukene zinzima ukudlulisa inani eliphakeme kakhulu lemithetho yokuphepha komlilo. Ezinye zezinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezindwangu ezingabusheki amalangabi nama-coating zihlanganisa:

• I-Geotextile iphathwa ngokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
• Izembatho zokuvala amalangabi
• Izindwangu ezingashi kanye nemeshi
• Izindwangu ezihlakaniphile
• Imicu ekhiqiziwe engashi

Amandla emakethe

Amandla emakethe ezinto ezivimbela amalangabi makhulu, anamandla okusindisa izimpilo nokuvikela impahla uma kwenzeka kuba nomlilo. Izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:

• Imishini yokucisha umlilo kanye nabasebenzi kanye nabasebenzi
• Ukwakhiwa kwezindiza kanye nemishini
• Izingubo zokucima umlilo zaseWildland kanye nemishini
• Imishini yezimboni neyokwakha
• Imishini yezokwelapha nezemidlalo
• Amaphoyisa nabatakuli izingubo kanye nemishini

Imithethonqubo namazinga

I-International Association of Fire Chiefs kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezilawulayo ziye zabeka izindinganiso zezinto ezivimbela amalangabi ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Le mithethonqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswa ezicimeni-mlilo nakwezinye izimboni zihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokuphepha.

Umsebenzi Oyinhloko Wezinto Ezingabusheki Amalangabi

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinto ezivimbela amalangabi ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa ukubhebhetheka komlilo. Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi zingenza lo msebenzi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukudedela amakhemikhali acisha umlilo
• Ukwakha isendlalelo esivikelayo esivimbela umlilo ukuthi ungabhebhetheki
• Ukunciphisa inani le-oxygen elitholakala emlilweni
• Ukumunca ukushisa nokuvimbela impahla ukuthi ingashi

I-Flame Retardant Materials in Action

Izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ekucimeni umlilo nakwezinye izimboni. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa:

• Izicishamlilo ezigqoke izingubo nemishini evimbela amalangabi, okuhlanganisa amasudi, omakalabha, namabhuzu
• Abasebenzi bezicishamlilo baseWildland abasebenzisa amakhemikhali angasebenzi behle besuka endizeni bathwalwa yizisebenzi zezandla
• Izicishamlilo zisebenzisa amabhakede ambozwe i-retardant ukucindezela imililo
• Izicishamlilo ezisebenzisa izithungatha ze-imagery ezishisayo ukuthola izindawo ezishisayo kanye nemithombo engaba khona yokuthungela
• Izicishamlilo ezisebenzisa izindwangu ezigaywe kabusha ukuze zivikele izakhiwo nemishini emonakalweni womlilo

Izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izimpilo nempahla emlilweni. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, amandla ezinto ezintsha nezisha ezivimbela amalangabi ayaqhubeka nokukhula.

Izingubo Ezingabusheki Amalangabi: Izicishamlilo Zokugcina

Kunezinzuzo eziningana zokusebenzisa ama-flame retardant coatings, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe: Izingubo ezivimbela amalangabi zingasiza ekuvimbeleni imililo ukuthi ingaqali noma ingabhebhetheki, okungasiza ekugcineni abantu nempahla kuphephile.
• Umonakalo oncishisiwe: Uma kwenzeka umlilo, izimbobo ezivimbela amalangabi zingasiza ekunciphiseni inani lomonakalo obangelwa umlilo.
• Ukuthobela umthetho: Izimboni eziningi zifunwa ngumthetho ukuthi zisebenzise amalangabi avimbela amalangabi kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ngakho-ke ukusebenzisa lezi zimbobo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo.

Zisetshenziswa kuphi Izingubo Zokugoba Amalangabi?

I-flame retardant coating isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kufaka phakathi:

• Izakhiwo: Izingubo ezivala amalangabi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindongeni, ophahleni, nakwezinye izindawo ezakhiweni ukuze zisize ekuvimbeleni ukubhebhetheka komlilo.
• Ezokuthutha: Izingubo ezivala amalangabi zisetshenziswa ezindizeni, ezitimeleni, nakwezinye izinhlobo zezinto zokuhamba ukuze zisize ekuvimbeleni imililo ukuba iqale noma ibhebhetheke.
• I-Marine: Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izimbobo ezivimbela ilangabi zisetshenziswa emanzini ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwezingqimba zikapende ezingandisa ingozi yomlilo.

Ama-Flame Retardants: Ngaphezu Kokuvikela Umlilo Nje

Izinqamuleli zamalangabi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izinto ezisetshenziswa umphakathi neze-elekthronikhi ezingozini zomlilo. Ngokuvamile zengezwa kuhlu lwemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa ifenisha, izinto zokwakha, nemishini kagesi, ukusiza ukukhawulela izingozi ezihlobene nezingozi ezinkulu ezivuthayo. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinzuzo ze-flame retardants ekwakheni naku-electronics zifaka:

• Ukunikeza isendlalelo esibalulekile sokuvikela umlilo ngokusiza ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa ukubhebhetheka komlilo.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha komlilo kwezakhiwo nemishini kagesi ngokunciphisa inani lokushisa elikhishwe emlilweni kanye namandla okubhebhetheka komlilo.
• Ukwandisa ukumelana nomlilo kwemishini kagesi namadivayisi, angasiza ukusindisa izimpilo nokuvimbela ukulimala.
• Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwesayensi, ama-flame retardants angasiza ekuguquleni izakhiwo zezinto ukuze azenze zingashi.
• Amalangabi angavimbeli amalangabi angathuthukisa ukumelana nomlilo kwekamelo, anciphise ukusabalala komlilo nentuthu.

Izinzuzo Zemvelo Nezempilo

Nakuba ama-flame retardants ahlotshaniswa nokukhathazeka kwemvelo nempilo, futhi ahlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinzuzo ezingenakuzitshwa. Ezinye zezinzuzo zemvelo nempilo yama-flame retardants zihlanganisa:

• Ukunciphisa umthamo wemililo nemicimbi ehlobene, engasiza ukusindisa izimpilo nokuvimbela ukulimala.
• I-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) ixhasa uhlelo locwaningo lwesayensi, okuhlanganisa ama-webcast, ama-podcasts, amavidiyo, nezincwadi zezindaba, ezihlola ubuthi bezinto ezivimbela amalangabi nomthelela wazo empilweni yabantu nasendaweni ezungezile.
• Izinqamuleli zamalangabi zingasiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwentuthu enobuthi namagesi ngesikhathi somlilo, okungasiza ukuvikela impilo yalabo abachayeka emlilweni.
• I-American Chemistry Council (ACC) kanye nezinye izinhlangano zezimboni zibhale uchungechunge lwezidakamizwa ezivimbela ilangabi okuye kwabikwa ukuthi azinayo imiphumela emibi empilweni yomuntu noma imvelo.
• I-ACC iphinde ixhase ikhalenda lemihlangano evulekile, ama-webcast, nemicimbi ebukhoma, equkethe izingxoxo zochwepheshe, ukukhishwa, izithombe, kanye nama-biographies, ukusekela isayensi yama-flame retardants kanye nezinzuzo zabo.

Sengiphetha, ama-flame retardants abalulekile ekwehliseni izingozi ezihlobene nezingozi ezinkulu ezivuthayo. Nakuba kunokukhathazeka okuthile okuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwazo, izinzuzo ze-flame retardants azikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Ngokuvimbela noma ukucindezela inqubo yokuvutha, ama-flame retardants ahlinzeka ngesendlalelo esibalulekile sokuvikela umlilo esingasiza ukusindisa izimpilo nokuvimbela ukulimala.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, ama-flame retardants angamakhemikhali angezwe ezintweni zokunciphisa ukubhebhetheka komlilo futhi avikele abantu nempahla. Ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni, futhi ahlangabezana nemithethonqubo ethile yezindinganiso zokuphepha. Kufanele uzibheke lapho uthenga ifenisha, izinto zikagesi, nezinto zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinemiphumela emibi engaphezu kwezinzuzo, ngakho kufanele ucabange ngokucophelela ukuthi uyazidinga noma cha.

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.