Izinto eziqinile kunzima ukubhekana nazo. Kunzima ukusika, ukukhuhla, nokuhlanekezela. Kunzima nokusebenza nabo. Kodwa ziyini?
Ukuqina kuyisilinganiso sokuthi i-substance imelana kanjani nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokushintsha kwesimo unomphela lapho kusetshenziswa amandla acindezelayo.
Ezinye izinto, njengensimbi, ziqinile kunezinye. Ubulukhuni be-Macroscopic ngokuvamile bubonakala ngezibopho eziqinile ze-intermolecular, kodwa ukuziphatha kwezinto eziqinile ngaphansi kwamandla kuyinkimbinkimbi; ngakho-ke, kunezilinganiso ezihlukene zobulukhuni: ubulukhuni bokuklwebha, ubulukhuni bokuhlehla, nobulukhuni bokubopha kabusha.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziqinile nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ekwakheni nakwezinye izimboni.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
Lisho Ukuthini Itemu elithi “Hard Material” Empeleni?
Uma sikhuluma ngezinto eziqinile, sibhekisela ohlotsheni oluthile lwempahla enendawo engaguquki yokuba nzima ukuyisika, ukukhuhla, noma ukuhlanekezela. Incazelo yezinto eziqinile akuyona isethi eyodwa yedatha noma ulwazi olungatholakala kudokhumenti eyodwa noma uchungechunge lwemibhalo. Kunalokho, kudinga isethi yangokwezifiso yezindlela nesiqondiso ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo ezifanele zephrojekthi ethile noma ukumba.
Kukalwa Kanjani Ukuqina?
Ukuqina kwento ethile kunqunywa ukwakheka kwayo okukhazimulayo, okujwayelekile futhi “okuqinile” okuvame kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kumadayimane, ingilazi, nezinye izinto eziqinile. Ukuqina kukalwa kusetshenziswa isethi yezindlela ezijwayelekile ezikhombisa izinga lokumelana okuthile okufanele kuklebhulwe, kukwalwe, noma kusikwe. Ezinye zezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukukala ubulukhuni zihlanganisa:
- Isikali se-Mohs, esikala ubulukhuni bento esikalini sika-1 kuya ku-10
- Isikali se-Rockwell, esikala ukujula kokuhlehlisa okwenziwa i-indenter enesihloko sedayimane
- Isikali se-Vickers, esikala usayizi wokuhlehlisa owenziwe i-indenter enesihloko sedayimane
Indlela Izimpahla Eziqinile Ezilungiswa Ngayo
Izinto eziqinile zivame ukulungiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuye ngokuthi impahla ethile kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi. Ezinye izindlela ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa izinto eziqinile zihlanganisa:
- Ukusika ngesaha ledayimane
- Ukugaya nge-grinder yedayimane
- Ukuthungwa kwesitshalo
- Ukufakwa kwamakhemikhali
Imikhawulo Emisiwe kanye Nezivumelwano Zomthetho
Lapho usebenza ngezinto eziqinile, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kungase kube nemingcele emisiwe noma izivumelwano zesigatshana ezicacisa ukuthi indaba kufanele isingathwe noma ilungiswe kanjani. Isibonelo, kungase kube nemingcele enanini le-drainage engavunyelwa endaweni ethile yokumba, noma kungase kube nezivumelwano zesigatshana ezidinga ukusetshenziswa kohlobo oluthile lwezinto eziqinile zephrojekthi ethile.
Okuqinile vs. Izinto Ezithambile: Yini Ezihlukanisayo?
Izinto eziqinile zibonakala ngemvelo yazo eqinile kanye nokumelana okuphezulu nokuguquguquka, kuyilapho izinto ezithambile kulula ngokuqhathaniswa ukukhubaza nokubunjwa kabusha. Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zezinto eziqinile zihlanganisa insimbi, ukhonkolo, nodaka, kuyilapho irabha nesiliva kuyizibonelo zezinto ezithambile.
Izakhiwo Zezibuthe
Omunye umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezinto eziqinile nezithambile usezicini zazo kazibuthe. Izinto eziqinile, ezifana nozibuthe abangapheli, zinokuphoqelela okuphezulu futhi zingafakwa uzibuthe ukuze zikhiqize insimu enamandla kazibuthe. Izinto ezithambile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinokuphoqelela okuphansi futhi zingasuswa kalula uzibuthe.
I-Magnetization Loop
Iluphu kazibuthe igrafu ebonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwenkundla kazibuthe kanye nokuzibuthe kwento. Izinto eziqinile zine-hysteresis loop emincane, ekhombisa ukucindezelwa okuphezulu kanye ne-magnetization enamandla, kuyilapho izinto ezithambile zine-hysteresis loop ebanzi, ekhombisa ukucindezelwa okuphansi kanye ne-magnetization ebuthakathaka.
Isakhiwo Se-athomu
Isakhiwo se-athomu sento futhi sidlala indima ekunqumeni ubulukhuni bayo. Izinto eziqinile ngokuvamile zinesakhiwo se-athomu esihleleke kakhulu, esinama-athomu ahlelwe ngephethini evamile. Izinto ezithambile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinesakhiwo se-athomu esingahlelekile, nama-athomu ahlelwe ngephethini engahleliwe.
Usetshenziswa
Izakhiwo zezinto eziqinile nezithambile zibenza bafanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Izinto eziqinile zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni, lapho amandla nokuqina kubalulekile. Izinto ezithambile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho ukunyakaza nokuguquguquka kuyadingeka, njengasembathweni nasezicathulweni.
Izakhiwo ze-Sonorous
Izinto eziqinile nazo zivame ukuba ne-sonorous, okusho ukuthi zikhiqiza umsindo okhalayo lapho zishaywa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-athomu ezintweni eziqinile ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile futhi angadlidliza kalula. Izinto ezithambile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, aziwona ama-sonorous futhi azikhiqizi umsindo okhalayo lapho zishaywa.
Ukuhlola Umhlaba Omkhulu Wezinto Eziqinile
Izinto eziqinile ziyizinto eziqinile ezingenakonakala kalula noma zibunjwe kabusha. Ziqukethe ama-athomu ahlelwe kahle ngendlela evamile yekristalu, okuzinikeza izici zazo eziyingqayizivele. Ukuqina kwento kunqunywa ikhono layo lokumelana nokuklwejwa, ukusikwa, noma ukuklwetshwa.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwezinto Eziqinile Nezinto Ezithambile
Umehluko phakathi kwezinto eziqinile nezithambile mkhulu. Eminye yomehluko oyinhloko ihlanganisa:
- Izinto eziqinile ziqinile futhi azikwazi ukugogeka kalula noma zibunjwe kabusha, kuyilapho izinto ezithambile zivumelana nezimo futhi zingabunjwa kalula noma zibunjwe kalula.
- Izinto eziqinile ngokuvamile zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zihlala isikhathi eside kunezinto ezithambile.
- Izinto eziqinile zivame ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni lapho amandla nokuqina kubalulekile, kuyilapho izinto ezithambile zivame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukunethezeka nokuguquguquka kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izinto Eziqinile ezenziwe ngezifiso
Isici esisodwa esibalulekile sezinto eziqinile ukuthi zingenziwa ngokwezifiso ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile. Isibonelo, ngokushintsha isakhiwo se-crystalline sezinto ezibonakalayo, kungenzeka ukuguqula ubulukhuni bayo, amandla, nezinye izici. Lokhu kwenza onjiniyela nososayensi bakhe izinto eziklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
Ukufinyelela Izinto Eziqinile
Ukufinyelela izinto eziqinile kungaba inselele, njengoba ngokuvamile kuqukethwe ngaphakathi komhlaba noma ezinye izinto zemvelo. Nokho, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kwenze kwaba lula ukuthola nokukhipha lezi zinsiza. Ngokwesibonelo, izindlela zokumba izimayini zisenza sikwazi ukufinyelela izinto eziqinile njengamadayimane nensimbi okwakunzima ukufinyelela kuyo.
Umbuzo Wokuqina
Umbuzo wobulukhuni ubalulekile emikhakheni eminingi eyahlukene. Ngokuqonda izici zezinto eziqinile, singakha izakhiwo eziqinile, ezihlala isikhathi eside, sithuthukise amathuluzi amasha okusika kanye nama-abrasives, futhi sakhe izinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Noma ngabe ungusosayensi, unjiniyela, noma ufuna ukwazi ngezwe elikuzungezile, ukufundwa kwezinto eziqinile kuzokunikeza izimpendulo eziningi kanye nemininingwane.
Izinto ezingashintsha zibe izinto eziqinile eziqinile
Ezinye izakhi zemvelo zinamandla okuguqula zibe izinto eziqinile eziqinile ngokucubungula. Ngokwesibonelo:
- I-ayoni ingacutshungulwa ibe yinsimbi eqinile, enezinga eliphezulu lokuqina namandla.
- I-Boron ingacutshungulwa ibe yi-boron carbide, okungenye yezinto ezilukhuni kakhulu ezaziwa ngumuntu.
- Isiliva lingacutshungulwa libe yisiliva elicwengekileyo, elinzima kunesiliva elimsulwa.
Amafomula ngokwezifiso
Ezinye izinto zingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo ngokusebenzisa amafomula ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokuguga, ukudabuka, ukunwaya, nokusikwa. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Udaka lungaxutshwa nezinto ezihlukene ukuze kwakhiwe umkhiqizo okhonkolo onezakhiwo ezihlukile.
- Irabha ingacutshungulwa ukuze kwakhiwe umkhiqizo onobulukhuni obuphezulu namandla.
Amandla Agciniwe
Ezinye izinto zinamandla okugcina amandla, okubavumela ukuba bashintshe babe yinto eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Iqhwa lingakhubazeka futhi libunjwe kabusha ukuze kwakhiwe into eqinile ngenxa yamandla agcinwe ngaphakathi kwalo.
- I-quartz ingaklwejwa ukuze idale into ebuhlungu ngenxa yamandla aqukethwe ngaphakathi kwama-athomu ayo.
Ukucutshungulwa Kwesimanje
Amasu okucubungula anamuhla avumela ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezithambile zibe izinto ezinzima. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Ukusika nokubumba izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsimbi kungakha imikhiqizo enamazinga ahlukene obulukhuni namandla.
- Ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-temering, ingilazi ingaguqulwa ibe into eqinile.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kanye nentshisekelo esemthethweni ezintweni eziqinile kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwebhange lama-athikili nabathengisi abavuma ukwabelana ngolwazi nezilungiselelo zabo. Ikhono lokumelana nokuguga, ukudabuka, ukunwaya, nokusikwa kubizwa ngokuthi ubulukhuni, futhi kuyimpahla efunwa kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi ezahlukene.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke onakho- izinto eziqinile yilezo okunzima ukuzisika, ukukhuhla, noma ukuhlanekezela. Zinesethi eyodwa yolwazi lwedatha, esikhundleni sokudinga izindlela zokusetha ngokwezifiso. Zivumelana nezidingo ezifanele ezinikezwe iphrojekthi futhi ubulukhuni bokumba bungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa isikali se-Mohs, isikali se-Rockwell, nesikali se-Vickers. Izinto eziqinile zibalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni, futhi zingasetshenziselwa ubulukhuni nokuqina. Zisetshenziselwa futhi ukunethezeka nokuvumelana nezimo, ngakho-ke kufanele uhlole umhlaba omkhulu wezinto eziqinile.
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
