Uketshezi yisimo sento esibonakala ngama-molecule asondelene ngokwanele ukuze akhe izibopho zesikhashana (ukunamathela) futhi azungezane (uketshezi). Uketshezi lunomthamo oqondile futhi luthatha isimo sesitsha. Zitholakala kakhulu emvelweni.
Ake sibheke ngayinye yalezi ngokuningiliziwe.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
- Izibonelo Zamanzi: Ngaphezu Kwamanzi Nje
- Yini Eyenza I-Liquids Ihluke?
- Amazwe ashintshayo: Indaba Yezigaba
- Imvelo Enamathelayo Yamanzi: Ukubumbana Nokunamathelana
- Ibhizinisi Elinamathelayo le-Viscosity
- Ukuhwamuka: Isayensi Engemuva Koketshezi Kuya Ekuguquleni Umhwamuko
- Isayensi Engemuva Kokuguquguquka Kwezinto Eziwuketshezi
- Isiphetho
Izibonelo Zamanzi: Ngaphezu Kwamanzi Nje
Uma sikhuluma ngoketshezi, sibhekise esimweni sendaba. Ngokungafani nezinto eziqinile, ezinomumo nomthamo ongaguquki, namagesi, anwebeka ukuze agcwalise noma yisiphi isiqukathi, uketshezi lunomthamo ongaguquki kodwa luthatha isimo sesitsha sazo. Ezinye izici zoketshezi zihlanganisa:
- Cishe ayicindezeleki: Uketshezi lunevolumu engashintshi, okusho ukuthi kunzima ukucindezelwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule oketshezi asondelene futhi anenkululeko encane yokuhamba.
- Ukuminyana: Uketshezi lubonakala ngokuminyana kwawo, okuyisisindo ngevolumu yeyunithi. Ubuningi boketshezi buthintwa izinga lokushisa nokucindezela, kodwa ohlotsheni oluthile lwento, ukuminyana kuhlala njalo.
- Ukubumbana Nokunamathelana: Uketshezi lunempahla yokuhlangana, okusho ukuthi ama-molecule adonseka omunye komunye. Futhi banendawo yokunamathela, okusho ukuthi bakhangwa ngaphezu kokuqinile.
- I-Viscosity: Uketshezi lunokumelana okuthile nokugeleza, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-viscosity. Lesi sakhiwo sithintwa izinga lokushisa kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali oketshezi.
Izibonelo zama-Liquids
Uma sicabanga ngoketshezi, into yokuqala efika engqondweni ngokuvamile amanzi. Nokho, kunezinye izibonelo eziningi zoketshezi, okuhlanganisa:
- Amafutha emifino: Lawa amafutha okupheka ajwayelekile angezwani namanzi, okusho ukuthi awahlangani namanzi.
- Utshwala: Lolu uketshezi olujwayelekile oluxubana namanzi, okusho ukuthi luxutshwa namanzi.
- I-Mercury: Lena i-metallic element ewuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa. Ibonakala ngokuminyana kwayo okuphezulu futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-thermometers.
- I-Rubidium: Lena enye into eyinsimbi enguketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.
- Amakhemikhali: Kunamakhemikhali amaningi akhona ewuketshezi, kuhlanganise namanye agcwele ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, njengophethiloli nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza.
Uketshezi Nezakhiwo Zabo
Izakhiwo zoketshezi zingaholela kwezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Uketshezi lungashintsha ukwakheka: Ngokungafani nezinto eziqinile, ezinomumo ongaguquki, uketshezi lungathatha isimo sesiqukathi sazo. Lesi sakhiwo sibangelwa ukuthi ama-molecule oketshezi akhululekile ukuhambahamba.
- Iziqukathi ezigcwele uketshezi: Nakuba uketshezi lungandi ukuze lugcwalise isiqukathi njengamagesi, luyasigcwalisa isiqukathi esikuso. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uketshezi lunomthamo ongashintshi.
- Uketshezi luhlakazeka ezindaweni ezingaphezulu: Uma uketshezi lubekwe phezulu, luzohlakazeka luze lufinyelele esimweni sokulingana. Lokhu kungenxa yezakhiwo zokubumbana nokunamathela.
Yini Eyenza I-Liquids Ihluke?
Uketshezi kuyisimo sezinto esihehayo esinezinto ezizihlukanisa nezinto eziqinile namagesi. Nazi ezinye izici ezibalulekile zoketshezi:
- Ivolumu: Izinto eziwuketshezi zinevolumu eqondile, okusho ukuthi zithatha inani elithile lesikhala.
- Umumo: Uketshezi luthatha umumo wesiqukathi sawo ngenxa yamandla angalingani phakathi kwezinhlayiya zawo.
- Amandla ahlanganayo: Ama-molecule oketshezi adonseka omunye komunye, okuholela ekubambeni kwendawo kanye nekhono lokwenza amaconsi.
- I-Viscosity: Uketshezi lunesilinganiso sokumelana nokugeleza, okungahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo loketshezi. Isibonelo, amanzi ane-viscosity ephansi, kanti uju lune-viscosity ephezulu.
- Ukushuba kobuso: Uketshezi lunendawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-surface tension, okuwumphumela wamandla ahlangene phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezingaphezulu koketshezi. Lesi sakhiwo sibalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi, njengesenzo se-capillary.
- Ukuhwamuka: Uketshezi lungashintsha lube yisigaba segesi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuhwamuka, okudinga amandla ukunqamula izibopho phakathi kwezinhlayiya.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwama-Liquids nama-Solids
Nakuba uketshezi kanye nokuqinile kokubili kubhekwa njengezigaba ezifingqiwe zendaba, kunomehluko ohlukile phakathi kwalokhu okubili:
- Ukuma: Okuqinile kunomumo ongaguquki, kuyilapho uketshezi luthatha isimo sesitsha sazo.
- Izinhlayiya: Izinhlayiya kokuqinile zihlelwa ngephethini engashintshi, kuyilapho izinhlayiya oketshezini zikhululekile ukuhambahamba zodwa.
- Ivolumu: Izinto eziqinile zinevolumu engashintshi, kuyilapho uketshezi lunomthamo oqondile kodwa lungashintsha umumo.
- Ukubumbana: Amandla ahlangene anamandla ezintweni eziqinile kunaseziketshezini, okuholela ekuqineni okuphezulu kwendawo.
Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Izakhiwo Eziwuketshezi
Ukuqonda izakhiwo zoketshezi kubalulekile ezindaweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa:
- I-Chemistry: Ukwazi izici zoketshezi kuyadingeka ukuze kuchazwe ukuziphatha kwezinhlanganisela kanye nokukala izinguquko zazo zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali.
- I-Physics: Ukufunda ngoketshezi kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha koketshezi, okuwukhiye ezindaweni eziningi ze-physics.
- Isayensi yoMhlaba: Izakhiwo zoketshezi zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwamanzi eMhlabeni, okuhlanganisa indima yawo emjikelezweni wamanzi kanye nomthelela wawo endaweni ezungezile.
Ukulinganisa Izakhiwo Zoketshezi
Kunezindlela eziningi zokukala izakhiwo zoketshezi, okuhlanganisa:
- I-Viscosity: Ukumelana nokugeleza kungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-viscometer.
- Ukushuba kobuso: Ukushuba kwangaphezulu koketshezi kungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-tensiometer.
- Ukuminyana: Isisindo ngeyunithi yevolumu yoketshezi ingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-hydrometer.
- Indawo yokubilisa: Izinga lokushisa lapho uketshezi lushintsha lube yisigaba segesi lungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ithemometha.
Ikusasa Locwaningo Loketshezi
Kusekuningi okumele kufundwe mayelana noketshezi, kanti ucwaningo lusaqhubeka kule ndawo. Ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile okugxilwe kuzo zihlanganisa:
- Uketshezi oluyinkimbinkimbi: Uketshezi olunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunoketshezi olulula, njengama-polymers namakristalu awuketshezi.
- Uketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu: Uketshezi olungaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, njengaleyo etholakala ekujuleni komhlaba.
- Uketshezi olushisayo: Uketshezi olushiselwa kumazinga okushisa aphezulu, njengalawo asetshenziswa ezinqubweni zezimboni.
Amazwe ashintshayo: Indaba Yezigaba
Ukuncibilika ukuguquka kusuka esigabeni esiqinile kuya esigabeni samanzi. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Lapho okuqinile kushisa, ama-molecule awo aqala ukudlidliza ngokushesha nangokushesha.
- Esikhathini esithile, ama-molecule anamandla anele okugqashula ezindaweni zawo ezimisiwe futhi aqale ukuhambahamba.
- Yilapho okuqinile kuqala ukuncibilika bese kuba uketshezi.
Ukusuka Oketshezini Kuya Oqinile: Ukuqandisa
Ukubanda kuphambene nokuncibilika. Iwushintsho olusuka esigabeni oluwuketshezi luye esigabeni esiqinile. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Lapho uketshezi lupholile, ama-molecule alo aqala ukuhamba kancane futhi kancane.
- Esikhathini esithile, ama-molecule alahlekelwa amandla anele okuhambahamba futhi aqale ukuhlala ezindaweni ezimisiwe.
- Yilapho uketshezi luqala ukuqhwa futhi lube oluqinile.
Ukusuka Oketshezini Kuya Egesini: Ukuhwamuka
Ukuhwamuka wushintsho olusuka esigabeni oluwuketshezi luye esigabeni segesi. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Lapho uketshezi lushiswa, ama-molecule alo aqala ukuhamba ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha.
- Esikhathini esithile, ama-molecule abe namandla anele okugqashula ebusweni boketshezi abe igesi.
- Yilapho uketshezi luqala ukuhwamuka lube igesi.
Ukusuka Egesini Kuya Oketshezini: Ukujiya
Ukujiya kuphambene nokuhwamuka. Iwushintsho olusuka esigabeni segesi luye esigabeni se-liquid. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Lapho igesi ipholile, ama-molecule ayo aqala ukuhamba kancane futhi kancane.
- Esikhathini esithile, ama-molecule alahlekelwa amandla anele okuhlala ndawonye futhi aqale ukwakha uketshezi.
- Yilapho igesi iqala ukujiya futhi iba uketshezi.
Ukushintsha kwezimo zendaba kuyinqubo ethakazelisayo eyenzeka nxazonke zethu. Noma ngabe ukuncibilika kweqhwa esiphuzweni sakho noma isitimu esikhuphuka ekhofini lakho lasekuseni, ukuqonda izigaba zento kungasisiza sazise umhlaba ngendlela entsha.
Imvelo Enamathelayo Yamanzi: Ukubumbana Nokunamathelana
Ukubumbana nokunamathela kuhlobene nokushuba kwamanzi oketshezi. Ukuqina kobuso amandla abangela ukuthi ingaphezulu loketshezi linciphe futhi lakhe umumo onciphisa indawo engaphezulu. Ukubumbana yikho okubangela ukungezwani kwamanzi, kanti ukunamathela kuvumela amanzi ukuthi anamathele kwezinye izindawo.
Izibonelo Zokubumbana Nokunamathelana Esenzweni
Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokubumbana nokunamathela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke:
- Iconsi lamanzi endaweni ecwebezelayo lakha umumo ocishe ube yindilinga ngenxa yamandla ahlangene phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi.
- Amanzi esitsheni angabangela ukuba isitsha sibe manzi ngenxa yokunamathela.
- Isenzo se-capillary, esivumela amanzi ukuba ahambe ngamashubhu amancane, siwumphumela wakho kokubili ukuhlangana nokunamathela.
- I-meniscus, indawo egobile yoketshezi esitsheni, ibangelwa ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla okuhlanganayo nokunamathelayo.
Imiphumela Yokubumbana Nokunamathelana
Amandla wamandla ahlangene kanye nokunamathisela ancike ohlotsheni lwe-liquid kanye nendawo ethintana nayo. Nansi eminye imiphumela yokubumbana nokunamathela:
- Ubuhlalu bamanzi buphakama endaweni ene-wax ngoba amandla ahlangene phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi makhulu kunamandla okunamathela phakathi kwamanzi ne-wax.
- Upende uvame ukucaba endaweni engilazi ngenxa yokuthi amandla okunamathela phakathi kopende nengilazi makhulu kunamandla ahlangene phakathi kwama-molecule opende.
- I-Mercury yenza i-meniscus e-concave ngaphakathi kweshubhu lengilazi elincane ngoba amandla okunamathela phakathi kwe-mercury nengilazi makhulu kunamandla ahlangene phakathi kwama-molecule e-mercury.
- Amabhamuza ensipho anomkhuba wokwenza ama-sphere ngenxa yebhalansi phakathi kwamandla okuhlangana kanye nokunamathela.
Ukubumbana nokunamathela yizinto ezihehayo zoketshezi ezizivumela ukuthi zakhe izimo ezihlukene futhi zihlanganyele nezinye izinto. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo kungasisiza ukuthi songe amanzi futhi siwasebenzise ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Ibhizinisi Elinamathelayo le-Viscosity
I-Viscosity yigama elisetshenziswa ku-physics kanye ne-physical chemistry ukuchaza ukumelana koketshezi ukuze lugeleze. Kuyisilinganiso sokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi koketshezi futhi kuthonywa izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa, ukucindezela, nobukhulu nokuma kwamangqamuzana akha lolu ketshezi.
I-Viscosity ilinganiswa kanjani?
I-viscosity ngokuvamile ikalwa kusetshenziswa idivayisi ebizwa ngokuthi i-viscometer, ekala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze uketshezi lugeleze ngeshubhu elincane noma umzila. I-viscosity yoketshezi iboniswa ngamayunithi okuphola noma i-centipoise, ngokuma okukodwa okulingana nesekhondi elilodwa le-dyne ngesentimitha lesikwele.
Yiziphi Ezinye Izinkinga Ezihlotshaniswa Ne-Viscosity?
Nakuba i-viscosity iyinto ebalulekile yoketshezi, ingabangela izinkinga ezimweni ezithile. Isibonelo, i-viscosity ephezulu ingenza kube nzima ukumpompa uketshezi ngamapayipi, kuyilapho i-viscosity ephansi ingaholela ekuvuzeni nezinye izinkinga.
Izinsiza Zengxoxo Eyengeziwe
Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-viscosity kanye nendima yayo ekuziphatheni koketshezi, kunezinsiza eziningi ezitholakala ku-inthanethi futhi ziphrintiwe. Eminye imithombo ewusizo yolwazi ihlanganisa:
- Izincwadi zokufunda zamakhemikhali ezinto ezibonakalayo kanye ne-condensed matter physics
- Amajenali esayensi afana ne-Physical Review Letters kanye ne-Journal of Chemical Physics
- Izinkundla eziku-inthanethi namabhodi ezingxoxo zososayensi nabacwaningi
- Amawebhusayithi namabhulogi anikelwe ocwaningweni lweziphuzo kanye nezakhiwo zazo
Ukuhwamuka: Isayensi Engemuva Koketshezi Kuya Ekuguquleni Umhwamuko
Ukuhwamuka kuyinqubo lapho uketshezi lushintsha lube isimo segesi. Kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule oketshezini ethola amandla e-kinetic anele ukuze abaleke amandla awabambe ndawonye. Amandla adingekayo kule nqubo abizwa ngokuthi ukushisa, futhi anganikezwa njengokukhanya kwelanga, ukupheka, nanoma yimuphi omunye umthombo wokushisa. Lapho uketshezi lushiselwa, ama-molecule alo ahamba ngokushesha, futhi amathuba okuba namandla anele okubalekela isigaba soketshezi ayanda.
Iqhaza Lezinga Lokushisa Nengcindezi
Izinga lokushisa nokucindezela kwendawo ezungezile kudlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuhwamuka. Lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, ama-molecule oketshezi abe namandla amakhulu e-kinetic, futhi kuba lula ngawo ukubalekela isigaba soketshezi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho umfutho uphansi, ama-molecule anendawo eyengeziwe yokuhambahamba, futhi kuba lula ngawo ukubalekela isigaba soketshezi.
Ukuhwamuka vs. Ukuhwamuka
Ukuhwamuka kuvame ukudideka nokuhwamuka, kodwa aziyona into efanayo. I-vaporization inqubo lapho uketshezi luguqulwa lube igesi, futhi kungenzeka kunoma yiliphi izinga lokushisa. Ukuhwamuka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenzeka kuphela phezu koketshezi futhi kuphela uma uketshezi lungaphansi kwendawo yalo yokubila.
Ukuhwamuka Ezindaweni Ezihlukene
Ukuhwamuka kungenzeka kunoma iyiphi indawo, kodwa kwenzeka ngokushesha endaweni efudumele neyomile. Nazi izibonelo ezithile:
- Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezishisayo nezomile kunasezindaweni ezibandayo nezinomswakama.
- Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme ngoba umfutho womoya uphansi.
- Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomoya-mpilo osabalele kabanzi emoyeni.
- Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinomthunzi ngenxa yokuthi kunokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile okuncane ukushisisa uketshezi.
I-Condensation kanye Nomjikelezo Wamanzi
Lapho umhwamuko wamanzi osemkhathini uphola, ekugcineni uphenduka uketshezi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-condensation. Lolu ketshezi lungabe selubuyela eMhlabeni njengemvula, luqedela umjikelezo wamanzi.
Isayensi Engemuva Kokuguquguquka Kwezinto Eziwuketshezi
I-Volatility ukuthambekela kokuthi into ihwamuke noma ihwamuke. Ihlobene eduze nomfutho womhwamuko woketshezi, okuyisilinganiso sokuthambekela kwento ukubalekela esigabeni segesi. Ukuntengantenga koketshezi kuncike ezicini eziningana, okuhlanganisa usayizi nokuma kwama-molecule alo ngamanye, amandla okubopha phakathi kwama-athomu noma izinhlayiya ezingomakhelwane, namandla adingekayo ukuze kunqamuke lawo mabhondi futhi kuvunyelwe into ukuthi iguquke isuka oketshezini. kugesi.
Ukubaluleka Kwengcindezi Yomhwamuko
I-vapor pressure isilinganiso sedigri ehlobene yokuguquguquka koketshezi. Ingcindezi ekhishwa umhwamuko wento esitsheni esivaliwe ezingeni lokushisa elithile. Uma uphakeme umfutho womhwamuko, uketshezi lushintshashintsha kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sibalulekile ekunqumeni indawo yokubilisa yoketshezi, kanye nokuthambekela kwalo ukuhwamuka.
Ukuvutha nokuguquguquka
Ukuvutha kwento kuhlobene kakhulu nokuguquguquka kwayo. Uketshezi oluguquguqukayo olune-flash point ephansi, okuyizinga lokushisa lapho uketshezi lukhipha umhwamuko owanele ukuze kwakhe ingxube evutha umlilo, lubhekwa njengokuvutha kakhulu. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuphatha uketshezi oluguquguqukayo ngokucophelela nangokuhambisana nemithetho yezokuphepha.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimboni Zoketshezi Oluguquguqukayo
Uketshezi oluguquguqukayo luvame ukusetshenziswa ezinqubweni zezimboni, njenge:
- Izincibilikisi: ezisetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa ezinye izinto lapho kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.
- Amafutha: asetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla ezinjinini nakweminye imishini.
- Ama-ejenti okuhlanza: asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.
Sengiphetha, ukuntengantenga koketshezi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi encike ezintweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa izici zamangqamuzana ngamanye, izinga lokushisa, nokuba khona kwezinye izinto. Ukuqonda isayensi ebangela ukuguquguquka kubalulekile ezimbonini eziningi, kusukela kwezokukhiqiza kuya ekukhiqizeni amandla.
Isiphetho
Ngakho, yilokho uketshezi oluyikho. Uketshezi yisimo sento esingafani nezinto eziqinile, ezibonakala ngevolumu engashintshi kanye nesimo soketshezi, futhi kufaka phakathi cishe yonke into esiyibonayo esizungezile nsuku zonke.
Ngeke ukwazi ukuqonda ngempela uketshezi ngaphandle kokuqonda izici zokuhlangana nokunamathela, futhi awukwazi ngempela ukuqonda lezo ngaphandle kokuqonda ama-athomu nama-athomu. Ngakho-ke, ngithemba ukuthi lo mhlahlandlela ukunikeze ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi luyini uketshezi.
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
