I-Marble 101: Izinzuzo, Ukukhiqiza, namathiphu Okuhlanza Odinga Ukukwazi

Imabula: itshe likanokusho neliguquguqukayo eliye laziswa amakhulu eminyaka. Kusukela ku-Taj Mahal kuya kuDavid kaMichelangelo, imabula isetshenziselwe ukwakha ezinye zezakhiwo ezivelele kakhulu zomhlaba nemisebenzi yobuciko.

Imabula idwala le-metamorphic elingewona ama-foliated elakhiwe ngamaminerali e-carbonate enziwe kabusha, ngokuvamile i-calcite noma i-dolomite. Izazi zokuma komhlaba zisebenzisa igama elithi “mabula” ukuze zibhekisele ku-limestone eguquguqukayo; kodwa-ke, abakhi bamatshe basebenzisa leli gama ngokubanzi ukuze bahlanganise i-limestone engashintshiwe. Imabula ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukubaza nanjengempahla yokwakha.

Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola imvelaphi, izakhiwo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalokhu okubalulekile okungaphelelwa yisikhathi.

Umsuka Wemabula: Ukulandelela Izwi Nedwala

• Igama elithi “mabula” lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi “marmaros,” elisho “itshe elikhazimulayo.”
• Isiqu laleli gama futhi siyisisekelo sesiphawulo sesiNgisi esithi “marmoreal,” esibhekisela entweni efana nemabula, noma umuntu oqhelelene naye njengesithombe semabula.
• Igama lesiFulentshi elisho imabula, elithi “marbre,” lifana ngokuseduze nokhokho walo wamaNgisi.
• Igama elithi “marble” lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ohlotsheni oluthile lwetshe, kodwa ekuqaleni lalibhekisela kunoma yiliphi itshe elifana ne-marble.
• Isenzo esithi “marbleize” kuphakanyiswa ukuthi sisuka ekufaneni kwephethini ewumphumela naleyo yemabula.

Ukwakhiwa KweMarble

• Imabula idwala le-metamorphic elivame ukwakhiwa nge-calcium carbonate, okuyimineral eyinhloko ku-limestone kanye ne-dolomite.
• Imabula ingaqukatha ukungcola okufana nensimbi, i-chert, ne-silica, okungaholela ekujikeni okunemibala, imithambo, nezingqimba.
• Umbala wemabula ungahluka kakhulu, kusukela komhlophe kuye koluhlaza, kuye ngokuba khona kwalokhu kungcola.
• Izinhlamvu zamaminerali emabula zivame ukuhlangana, okuholela ekuthunjweni kwesici nezakhiwo eziguqulwa ngokuphinda zenziwe kabusha ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu nokushisa.

Isimo Sezulu SeMarble

• I-Marble iyidwala le-sedimentary elisengozini yokuguguleka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuguguleka.
• Ukwakheka okuguquguqukayo kwemabula kubangela isimo sezulu ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokungcola kwayo namaphethini okwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu.
• Imabula ingakwazi ukumelana namakhemikhali ngenxa yemvula ene-asidi noma ukuguguleka okungokoqobo okuvela komoya namanzi.
• Imabula enesimo sezulu ingathuthukisa isici se-patina noma ukuthungwa kwendawo ebaluleke kakhulu ngevelu yayo yobuhle.

I-Geology yeMarble: Ukusuka ku-Sedimentary Rock kuya ku-Metamorphic Wonder

Imabula idwala le-metamorphic elakheka lapho i-limestone noma i-dolomite ibhekene nokushisa okukhulu nokucindezela. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-metamorphism, ibangela ukuthi izinhlamvu zamaminerali zangempela ziphinde zihlangane futhi zihlangane, okuholela etsheni elicinene futhi elihlala isikhathi eside. Iminerali eyinhloko emabula i-calcite, etholakala nakumatshe e-limestone namanye amatshe e-carbonate.

Izici zeMarble

Imabula ivamise ukwakhiwa ngamakristalu e-calcite e-equigranular, ayinikeza ukubukeka okumhlophe noma okunombala okhanyayo. Kodwa-ke, ukungcola okufana nensimbi, i-chert, ne-silica kungabangela ukuhlukahluka kombala nokuthungwa. Imabula ivamise ukuba nezimpawu zokuzungeza kanye nemithambo, okuwumphumela wokwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu kanye nezakhiwo eziguquliwe. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zemabula zihlanganisa i-Carrera, i-Chilemarble, ne-Green Serpentine.

Incazelo Yemabula: Kusukela Ezilimini Zasendulo Kuya Ekusetshenzisweni Kwesimanje

Igama elithi “mabula” lisuselwa kwelesiGreki elithi μάρμαρον noma μάρμαρος, okusho “itshe elikhanyayo.” Isenzo esithi μαρμαίρω (marmaírō) siphinde sisho “ukukhanya,” okuphakamisa ukuthi umsuka waleli gama ungase usuke kukhokho wolimi lwesiGreki. Leli gama lifana kakhulu nelesiFulentshi namanye amagama aseYurophu e-marble, nawo asikisela umsuka ofanayo. Imabula isetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nasekuqopheni, kusukela eLakeside Pavilion eSigodlweni Sasehlobo saseChina kuya eTaj Mahal eNdiya.

Uhlobo Oluguquguqukayo Lwemabula

I-Marble iyidwala eliguquguqukayo elingathinteka ngenxa yesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izici zemvelo. Iphinde ibe ngaphansi kokwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu nezinye izinqubo ze-geological ezingabangela izinguquko ekuthunjweni nasekufakweni kombala. Ukucindezela okukhulu nokushisa okudingekayo ekwakheni imabula kusho ukuthi iyidwala elingavamile futhi elibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, futhi iyimpahla yokwakha ethandwayo ngenxa yokuqina kwayo nokukhanga kobuhle.

Imabula: Ngaphezu Kwedwala Elihle Nje

Imabula iyitshe elaziswa kakhulu ngezinhloso zokwakha nezokwakha ngenxa yezimpawu zayo ezihlukile. Nazi ezinye zezindlela imabula esetshenziswa ngazo ekwakheni nasekwakheni:

• Amabhulokhi amakhulu emabula asetshenziselwa ukwakha isisekelo nokugandaywa komzila wesitimela.
• Imabula isetshenziselwa kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesakhiwo sezakhiwo, kanye nephansi kanye neziqongo zamatafula.
• Imabula ngokuvamile ine-porosity ephansi, eyivumela ukuthi imelane nokulimala kwamanzi futhi iguge ngenxa yemvula nezinye izimo zezulu.
• Imabula yakhiwe nge-calcium carbonate, okwenza kube ukukhetha ukonga kwemikhiqizo yokwakha nokwakha.
• Imabula iphinde ibe usizo kumatshe agayiwe kanye ne-calcium carbonate eyimpuphu, engasetshenziswa njengesithasiselo kwezolimo nanjengokukhanyisa amakhemikhali embonini yamakhemikhali.

Izikhumbuzo Nezithombe Eziqoshiwe

Imabula nayo iyigugu ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa izikhumbuzo nemifanekiso eqoshiwe. Nazi ezinye izindlela imabula esetshenziselwa ngayo izinjongo zobuciko:

• Imabula itholakala ngemibala eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa imabula emhlophe, epinki, kanye ne-Tennessee, evumela ababazi ukuba benze izithombe ezibaziwe ezifana nempilo.
• Imabula inesici esicwebezelayo esivumela ukukhanya ukuthi kungene amamilimitha ambalwa etsheni ngaphambi kokuba ahlakazeke, okuphumela ekubukekeni okunjengokuphila.
• Imabula yakhiwe nge-calcite, enenkomba ephezulu ye-refraction kanye ne-isotropy, okwenza ukuthi imelane nokuguga.
• Imabula ingashiswa futhi iphathwe nge-asidi ukuze kwakhiwe ifomu eliyimpuphu elingasetshenziswa njengesithasiselo kwezolimo noma ukuthulisa nokulungisa inhlabathi ene-asidi.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuphawulekayo Kwemabula

Imabula iye yasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi eziphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando. Nazi izibonelo:

• I-Getty Centre eLos Angeles, eCalifornia, igqoke imabula emhlophe evela eGeorgia.
• ISikhumbuzo saseLincoln eWashington, DC, saqoshwa ngemabula emhlophe nguDaniel Chester French.
• I-Kline Biology Tower yaseYale University yenziwe ngemabula epinki yaseTennessee.
• I-Rice Terraces yasePhilippines yakhiwa kusetshenziswa imabula ukuze kuncishiswe i-asidi yomhlabathi.
• Uhambo oluya e-Mill Mountain Star e-Roanoke, eVirginia, lugandaywe ngemabula ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ne-oxide ezimotweni.

Kungani I-Marble Countertops iyisengezo Esiphelele Ekhishini Lakho

I-Marble iyitshe lemvelo eliletha ukubukeka okuyingqayizivele nokunethezeka kunoma yiliphi ikhishi. Ukushwibeka kwayo okumpunga okuthambile nobuhle obungaconsi phansi kuye kwafunwa amakhulu eminyaka, okuyenza ibe enye yezinto zokwakha ezindala nezihlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Inhlanganisela yamandla nobuhle ihlukanisa imabula kwamanye amatshe futhi ayifani nobuhle obuhlala njalo.

Iqinile futhi Imelana

Imabula iyindawo eqinile futhi eqinile ehlala ipholile, iyenze ibe indawo ekahle kakhulu yababhaki nabathwali beqhwa. Naphezu kokuthamba kwayo, imelana kakhulu nokuklwebheka, ukuqhekeka, nokuphuka kunezinye izinto eziningi ezitholakalayo ze-countertop. Eqinisweni, imabula ithambile kune-granite, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlanganiswe izakhi ezikhangayo zedizayini, njengamaphethelo amahle, phakathi nenqubo yokwenziwa.

Kulula Ukulondoloza

I-marble countertops kulula ukuyinakekela ngamathiphu ambalwa alula. Ukuze ulondoloze ukubukeka kwayo okunethezeka, kubalulekile ukuhlanza okuchithekile ngokushesha futhi ugweme ukubeka izinto ezishisayo ngqo phezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokunakekelwa okufanele, ama-countertops e-marble angahlala amakhulu eminyaka, okwenza kube inketho esebenzayo kunoma yiliphi ikhishi.

Ukukhetha Okukhulu

I-Marble iza ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zama-slabs, ngalinye linokubukeka kwalo okuhlukile kanye nenzuzo. I-Danby marble, isibonelo, iwukhetho olufunwayo lolwazi lwayo olwengeziwe kanye nezinzuzo. Iyakwazi ngokuphelele ukuphatha noma yimuphi umqondo wekhishi kanye nomklamo, okwenza kube ukwengeza okuphelele kunoma yiliphi ikhishi.

Ukusebenza Ngemabula: Inselelo Ekufanele Ukuyithatha

I-Marble iyitshe lemvelo elisetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka kwezobuciko, izakhiwo, kanye nomklamo wasekhaya. Yaziwa kabanzi ngobuhle bayo bakudala, ubuhle, kanye nemithambo emangazayo. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo Kanzima ukusebenza? Impendulo ithi yebo futhi cha. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uziqaphele:

• Imabula iwugqinsi futhi esindayo, okwenza kube nzima ukuyiphatha nokuthutha.
• Izinhlobo ezahlukene zemabula zinikeza amazinga ahlukene obulukhuni, kanti ezinye ziba brittle kunezinye. Isibonelo, imabula yeCarrara ithambile futhi kulula ukusebenza ngayo kunemabula yaseCalacatta.
• Imabula iyinto engokwemvelo, okusho ukuthi ucezu ngalunye luhlukile futhi lungase lube nomehluko othile ngombala, imithambo, nokujiya. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukufanisa izingcezu zokubukeka okungenamthungo.
• Imabula iyinto eyivelakancane futhi eyigugu, okusho ukuthi amanani angaba phezulu. Amamabula e-Premium Italian afana ne-Statuario, i-Mont Blanc, ne-Portinari atholakala ezindaweni ezithile futhi anikeza inani eliphezulu.
• Imabula ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ikhishi, kodwa akulula ukuyigcina njengegwadle. Ijwayele ukuklwebheka, ingcoliswe, futhi ikhishwe ezintweni ezine-asidi.
• I-Marble iyisinqumo esihle sokwengeza umuzwa ongathathi hlangothi nongapheli kunoma iyiphi indawo. Iza ngemibala eyahlukene, kusukela komhlophe wakudala kuya kokumpunga okumangalisayo.
• Imabula iyinto ekahle yokukhiqiza izingcezu ezincane njengezithombe zobuciko, izindawo ezizungezile eziko, nezinto eziyize zasendlini yangasese. Ibuye isetshenziselwe kabanzi ukwenza i-flooring, i-wall cladding, namatafula aphakathi nendawo.

Yiziphi Ezinye Izibonelo Zezinhlobo Zemabula?

Imabula iza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, ngayinye inezici zayo nesitayela esihlukile. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zemabula:

• I-Carrara: yakhiwe e-Italy, le mabula emhlophe yaziwa ngokukhipha imithambo yayo emihle nethambile. Kuyisinqumo esithandwayo semiklamo yakudala neyesimanje.
• I-Calacatta: nayo yakhiwe e-Italy, le mabula ye-premium yaziwa ngokugqama kwayo okunesibindi nokumangalisayo. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi aphezulu kanye nezindlu zokunethezeka.
• Statuary: ithathwe enkwalini efanayo ne-Carrara, le mabula emhlophe inombala ofanayo futhi ongashintshi. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa izithombe nemininingwane yezakhiwo.
• I-Mont Blanc: yakhiwe eBrazil, le mabula empunga inomthambo ocashile futhi omuhle. Kuyisinqumo esihle semiklamo yesimanje.
• I-Portinari: nayo evela eBrazil, le mabula empunga emnyama inomthambo oqinile futhi onesibindi. Ilungele ukwengeza idrama nobunkimbinkimbi kunoma iyiphi indawo.
• I-Crestola: yakhiwe e-Italy, le mabula emhlophe inomthambo othambile futhi othambile. Kuyisinqumo esihle sokubukeka okucashile nokuhle.
• I-Tedeschi: futhi evela e-Italy, le mabula yesitayela se-baroque ine-vein ecebile futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa imiklamo ehlotshisiwe neyokuhlobisa.

Ayini Amanani Emabula?

Izintengo zemabula zingahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo, ikhwalithi, kanye nomthombo. Amamabula e-Premium Italian afana ne-Calacatta ne-Statuario angabiza kufika ku-$200 ngonyawo-skwele, kuyilapho amamabula avamile njenge-Carrara ne-Mont Blanc angasukela ku-$40 kuya ku-$80 ngonyawo lwesikwele. Nazi ezinye izici ezingathinta intengo yemabula:

• I-Rarity: izinhlobo ezithile zemabula azivamile futhi kunzima ukuzithola, ezingakhuphula inani lazo.
• Ikhwalithi: Amamabula e-premium ngokuvamile atholakala ezindaweni ezithile futhi anikeza ikhwalithi ephezulu nokungaguquguquki.
• I-Veining: I-veining enesibindi futhi emangalisayo ingangeza inani le-marble slab, kuyilapho i-veining ecashile futhi ebucayi ingase ibize kancane.
• Usayizi: ama-slabs amakhulu angase abize kakhulu ngenxa yesisindo sawo kanye nezidingo zokuphatha.

Ukusuka Emabhuloki kuya Enhleni: Ukukhiqizwa Kwemabula

Imabula ikhiqizwa ngamabhulokhi amakhulu amatshe akhishwa ezinkwalini emhlabeni wonke. Iningi lemabula likhiqizwa emazweni afana neTurkey, i-Italy, neChina. Ukukhiqizwa kwemabula kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa, ezihlanganisa:

• Ukukhipha: Amabhulokhi wemabula akhishwa emhlabeni kusetshenziswa imishini esindayo nemishini.
• Ukusika: Amabhulokhi abe esesikwa abe yimicu yogqinsi olufunekayo kusetshenziswa amasu okusika aqondile noma avundlile.
• Ukuqeda: Imicu ibe isikwe kahle futhi ipholishwe ukuze kwakhiwe indawo ebushelelezi futhi ephelele.

Amasu Wokukhiqiza

Ukwenziwa kwemabula kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo zedayimane nama-blades, afakwe ubuchwepheshe obuphambili ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokunemba ngesikhathi sokusika. Uhlobo lwe-blade olusetshenziswayo luncike ohlotsheni lwemabula elikhiqizwayo. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zemabula ziqinile kunezinye futhi zidinga i-blade ehlukile okufanele isetshenziswe.

Izici eziyingqayizivele

I-Marble iyitshe lemvelo elinikeza izici eziyingqayizivele uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokwakha. Ezinye zezici eziyingqayizivele zemabula zifaka:

• Uhlu olubanzi lwemibala namaphethini
• Ukumelana okuphezulu nokushisa namanzi
• Isiphetho esibushelelezi nesiphucuziwe
• Ikhono lokusikwa libe yizimo nobukhulu obuhlukene

Isetshenziswa Ekwakhiweni

Imabula iyinto ethandwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekuklanyweni namuhla. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa emakhishini, ezindlini zangasese, nakwezinye izindawo zekhaya ukuze kwakhiwe ukubukeka okunethezeka nokuhle. Ezinye zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zemabula ekwakheni zihlanganisa:

• Ama-countertops nama-backsplashes
• Amathayela aphansi nasodongeni
• Iziko kanye mantels
• Izithombe nezicucu zokuhlobisa

Ithonya Ekukhetheni Kwekhasimende

Ukukhethwa kwemabula kuphrojekthi ethile kuncike ezintweni eziningana, okuhlanganisa ukubukeka okufunayo, umsebenzi wendawo, kanye namandla okuguga. Ucwaningo lwenziwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemabula nokudala ukusikeka okujwayelekile okukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe. Ukusikeka okwengeziwe kungenziwa ukuze udale ukubukeka okuyingqayizivele ngokuphelele.

Ukugcina Imabula Yakho Ibukeka Njengentsha: Ukuhlanza Nokuvimbela

Ukuhlanza imabula kulula, kodwa kudinga ukunakekelwa okuthile ukugwema umonakalo. Nawa amanye amathiphu wokugcina imabula yakho ibukeka iyinhle:

• Sebenzisa isihlanzi esingathathi hlangothi: Imabula izwela izihlanzi ezine-asidi ne-alkaline, ngakho-ke sebenzisa isihlanzi esimaphakathi ukuze ugweme ukulimala. Gwema ukusebenzisa uviniga, ujusi kalamula, noma ezinye izinto ezine-asidi.
• Sebenzisa indwangu ethambile: Imabula iyimpahla enhle, ngakho sebenzisa indwangu ethambile ukuze ugweme ukunwaya phezulu. Gwema ukusebenzisa izinto ezilumayo njengoboya bensimbi noma amabhulashi okukhuhla.
• Hlanza ngokushesha okuchithekile: Imabula inezimbotshana, ngakho ingakwazi ukumunca uketshezi futhi ibangele umonakalo. Sula okuchithekile ngokushesha ukuze uvimbele ukubola.
• Sebenzisa amanzi acwebile: Amanzi kampompi angaqukatha amaminerali angalimaza imabula yakho. Kunalokho sebenzisa amanzi acwecwe.
• Yomisa indawo engaphezulu: Ngemva kokuhlanza, yomisa ingaphezulu ngendwangu ethambile ukuze ugweme izindawo ezinamanzi.

Ukuvimbela Ukulimala

Ukuvimbela ukulimala kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina imabula yakho ibukeka iyinhle. Nawa amathiphu okuvikela ukulimala:

• Sebenzisa ama-coaster: I-Marble izwela ukushisa nomswakama, ngakho sebenzisa ama-coaster ukuze uvikele ingaphezulu emonakalweni.
• Sebenzisa amabhodi okusika: Imabula iyimpahla eqinile, kodwa ingaklwejwa ngezinto ezicijile. Sebenzisa amabhodi okusika ukuze ugweme ukunwaya indawo.
• Sebenzisa ama-trivets: Gwema ukubeka amabhodwe ashisayo namapani ngokuqondile endaweni yemabula. Sebenzisa ama-trivets ukuze uvikele indawo engaphezulu emonakalweni wokushisa.
• Gcina imikhiqizo ngokucophelela: Gwema ukugcina imikhiqizo equkethe izinto ezine-asidi noma ezine-alkali endaweni yakho yemabula. Le mikhiqizo ingadala umonakalo uma ichitheka.
• Ukunakekelwa okuvamile: Imabula idinga ukunakekelwa njalo ukuze ihlale ibukeka iyinhle. Cabangela ukungeza ipholishi esimisweni sakho sokuhlanza esivamile ukuze ugcine indawo ibukeka icwebezela futhi iyintsha.

Amathiphu ochwepheshe

Uma ufuna ukonga isikhathi nemali ekunakekeleni, cabangela lawa macebiso ochwepheshe:

• Chitha okuthe xaxa ngemabula yekhwalithi: Imabula yekhwalithi ayizweli kakhulu ekulimaleni futhi idinga ukulungiswa okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo ezishibhile.
• Buza uchwepheshe wendawo: Izindawo ezithile zinezinhlobo ezithile zemabula ezidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Hlola nochwepheshe bendawo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi usebenzisa imikhiqizo nezindlela ezifanele.
• Hlola ngaphambi kokwengeza imikhiqizo: Ngaphambi kokwengeza noma yimiphi imikhiqizo emisha yokuhlanza noma yokupholisha, ihlole endaweni encane, engacacile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ngeke ilimaze indawo.
• Qaphela ngemabula emnyama: Imabula emnyama ingazwela kakhulu ekulimaleni uma iqhathaniswa nemabula emhlophe. Yiphathe ngokucophelela.
• Sebenzisa isicoci esinokulinganisela: Isicoci esinokulinganisela siqukethe ingxube yezinto ezine-asidi ne-alkaline, engasenza sikwazi ukuhlanza imabula yakho ngempumelelo uma kuqhathaniswa nesihlanzi esingathathi hlangothi.
• Gwema ukusebenzisa izinto zegrit ezicwebe kakhulu: Izinto zegrit ezinhle kakhulu zingakha isiphetho esipholishiwe, kodwa zingaba futhi zidale umonakalo endaweni yakho yemabula.

Isiphetho

Ngakho, imabula uhlobo lwetshe elenziwe nge-calcium carbonate. Iza ngemibala eminingi namaphethini ahlukene, futhi isisetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka kokubili kwezakhiwo kanye nokubaza.

Ngithemba ukuthi lo mhlahlandlela uyiphendule yonke imibuzo yakho mayelana ne-marble futhi ukusize ufunde kabanzi mayelana nale nto enhle.

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.