Amafreyimu: ziyini?

Uhlaka luyisakhiwo sokusekela esibamba okuthile endaweni. Lokhu kuvame ukuba yifasitela, kodwa futhi umnyango noma izithombe zingabanjwa ngohlaka.

Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokhuni, insimbi, noma ipulasitiki, futhi kungaba ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle. Uhlaka kufanele luqine ngokwanele ukusekela isisindo sefasitela futhi lugcine lunganciphisi noma luqhekeke. Kuyasiza futhi ukufaka insulate yefasitela nokugcina kungangeni.

Amafreyimu atholakala yonke indawo. Kusukela kuhlaka lwendlu yakho kuya kuhlaka lwezibuko zakho, zikhona yonke indawo! Kodwa luyini ngempela uhlaka olwakhiweni?

Uhlaka olwakhiweni luwuhlelo lwesakhiwo oluhlinzeka ngokusekela isakhiwo. Amafreyimu angenziwa ngokhuni, insimbi, noma ukhonkolo, futhi angaqiniswa noma aqine. Amafreyimu angasetshenziswa ukusekela izindonga, phansi, nophahla.

Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi luyini uhlaka nokuthi lusetshenziswa kanjani ekwakheni. Ngizophinde ngixoxe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zozimele nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani.

Izinhlobo Zezakhiwo Zohlaka: Ngalé Kwezisekelo

Izakhiwo zozimele ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili ngokusekelwe endleleni ezimelana ngayo nemithwalo esetshenzisiwe: ozimele abaphelile kanye namafreyimu ahlanganisiwe. Ozimele abaqediwe yilabo abanoxhumo olungaguquki noma oluqinile ekugcineni kwabo, kuyilapho ozimele abakakiwe kuyilabo abanobracing e-diagonal ukuze bamelane nemithwalo esemaceleni.

Ihlukaniswa Ngemumo kanye Nezingxenye: Okuqinile, Okulungisiwe, Okugayiwe, kanye Nephothali

Izakhiwo zohlaka nazo zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwazo kanye nezingxenye zazo. Nazi izibonelo:

• Ozimele abaqinile: Lawa amafreyimu anokuxhumana okungashintshi kuzo zombili iziphetho futhi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezinkulu ezifana namabhuloho.
• Ozimele abalungisiwe: Lawa amafreyimu anoxhumo olungaguquki ekugcineni nokuxhumeka kwehinge ngakolunye uhlangothi. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwendlu ukusekela isisindo sophahla.
• Amafreyimu anamagalaji: Lawa amafreyimu anomumo ongunxantathu futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwendlu ukuze asekele uphahla.
• Amafreyimu ephothali: Lawa amafreyimu anomumo ongunxande futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezimboni ukusekela izimbobo ezinkulu.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlanganisa Izakhiwo Ezizimele

Izakhiwo zohlaka zingabuye zihlanganiswe ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo esinezinzuzo zazo zombili izinhlobo. Isibonelo, indlu ingakhiwa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yamafreyimu aqinile futhi aphelile ukuze kwakheke isakhiwo esiqinile futhi esimelana nemithwalo esemaceleni.

Kafushane, izakhiwo zefreyimu ziyinhlanganisela ye-beam, ikholomu, nezingxenye ze-slab ezisetshenziselwa ukumelana nemithwalo esemaceleni kanye ne-gravity. Ahlukaniswa abe amafreyimu aphelile kanye nama-braced futhi ahlukaniswe ngokuma kwawo kanye nezingxenye. Ngokuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zefreyimu, izakhiwo zingadalwa ezinezinzuzo zazo zombili.

I-Evolution of Framing in Construction

Ukwenza uhlaka kube yingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha amakhulu eminyaka. Inkathi ye-Neolithic yasendulo yabona ukusetshenziswa kwamapulangwe ezakhiweni, futhi isiko laqhubeka phakathi nenkathi yamaRoma. Ababazi bangaleso sikhathi babesebenzisa izimpawu nezinombolo ukuze babone futhi bahlanganise izingodo, inqubo esasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Umkhosi wokuqopha, lapho ugodo lokugcina lunamathiselwe khona ohlakeni, wawuwumcimbi ongokwenkolo kwamanye amazwe.

Izinto kanye Namasu Asetshenziswa Ekufakeni Uzimele

Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni uzimele ziye zahlukahluka emlandweni nasezifundeni ezihlukene. Ezindaweni lapho uphayini wawutholakala khona, wawuvame ukusetshenziswa, kuyilapho itshe nobumba kwakudumile kwezinye izifunda. Kamuva, izinkuni eziqinile ezifana ne-oki nomsedari obomvu zasetshenziswa kakhulu. Amasu asetshenziswa ekufoleni nawo ayehluka, ngezindlela ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa emazweni ahlukene nasezinkathini. Amanye amasu aziwa kakhulu ahlanganisa:

• Uhlaka lwebhaluni
• Uhlaka oluboshwe
• Izakhiwo zezilimi zomdabu
• Tudor uzimele

Ukufaka Uhlaka Ezindaweni Zesimo Sezulu Ezihlukene

Ukwenza uhlaka ngokomlando bekuthandwa ezindaweni ezinezihlahla eziqinile ezivuthulukayo, ezivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho kakhulu zomhlaba, okuhlanganisa izindawo zeBaltic kanye nezwekazi elisenyakatho. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu, lapho izinkuni eziqinile zingavamile kakhulu, uhlaka lwaluvame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa izinkuni ezithambile ezifana nophayini. Isimo sezulu kanye nezinto ezitholakalayo zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekubumbeni ukuvela kohlaka ekwakhiweni.

Ubuciko Bokwenza Udonga Ekwakhiweni

Amalungu odonga, njengezigxobo namapuleti, asikwa abe ngobude futhi abekwe ezindaweni zawo ezifanele. Imiphetho yamalungu ibe isiqondaniswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi udonga luyiqiniso futhi lusezingeni.

Izisekelo nama-Platform

Ukwakhiwa kwezindonga kunikeza ukusekelwa kwephansi eliphezulu, usilingi, nophahla. Amapulatifomu, afana nama-joists namapulatifomu, asetshenziselwa ukusekela isisindo sephansi eliphezulu nophahla.

Ukugqoka nokumboza

Uma uhlaka lodonga seluqediwe, i-sheathing, njenge-plywood, yengezwa ukuze inikeze ukusekelwa kwe-lateral futhi imelane nomoya. Izinto zokumboza, njenge-drywall, bese zengezwa ukuze kuqedwe udonga.

Ukuqina nokuqina

Ukwenza udonga kudinga ukuqiniswa ukuze kumelane namandla asemaceleni, njengomoya. I-diagonal bracing ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukuqina odongeni.

Ukuthwala Izindonga Nezigaba Ezifakwe Amabhokisi

Izindonga ezithwalayo ziyizindonga ezisekela isisindo sesakhiwo esingenhla. Izingxenye zamabhokisi zisetshenziselwa ukuqukatha ukuhweba kwemishini, okufana nokufaka amapayipi nogesi.

Amandla namakhodi

Ukwakhiwa kwezindonga kufanele kuhlangabezane namakhodi wokwakha kanye nezindawo ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla nokuphepha kwakho. Amandla ohlaka odongeni ancike ohlotsheni lodonga nezinto ezisetshenziswayo.

Uhlaka Oluqinile: Umgogodla Wezakhiwo Eziqinile

Uhlaka oluqinile uhlobo lwesistimu yesakhiwo evame ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni ezingaphansi kwemithwalo esemaceleni, njengomoya kanye nengcindezi yokuzamazama komhlaba. Iqukethe iqoqo lezinto ezixhumene ezenziwe ngensimbi yesakhiwo ezihlelwe ngendlela yokumelana nalawa mandla. Amafreyimu ane-braced aklanyelwe ukuthwala nokusabalalisa lawa mandla ukusuka emazingeni aphezulu esakhiwo ukuya phansi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sihlala sizinzile futhi siphephile.

Isebenza Kanjani I-Braced Frame?

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wohlaka oluqinile ukumelana namandla asemaceleni athinta isakhiwo. Lawa mandla angabangelwa umoya, umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba, noma ezinye izici zangaphandle. Amafreyimu ahlanganisiwe asebenza ngokuthwala lawa mandla phansi phansi ngochungechunge lwezakhi zensimbi ezihlelwe ngendlela ethile. Izakhi zensimbi zenzelwe ukusebenza ngempumelelo kukho kokubili ukushuba nokucindezelwa, okubenza bakwazi ukuthwala amandla ngokulinganayo.

Iliphi Ithonya I-Bracing Enalo Emklamweni Wokwakha?

I-Bracing iyisici esibalulekile sokuklama kwesakhiwo esingathinta indlela isakhiwo esibukeka ngayo nokusebenza. Ezinye zezindlela zokubopha ezingathinta ukwakheka kwesakhiwo zihlanganisa:

• Ukuma kanye nesimo sesakhiwo
• Indawo yezinto zokubopha
• Uhlobo lwezinto ezisetshenziselwa izakhi zokubopha
• Indlela izakhi zokubopha ezixhunywe ngayo ezintweni eziyinhloko eziphethe amandla
• Izinga lokujiya okwengeziwe namandla adingekayo esakhiweni sesakhiwo

Ukwenza Ibhaluni: Indlela Yenguquko Ekwakhiweni

Uhlaka lwebhaluni kuyindlela edumile yokwenza uzimele ekwakhiweni eyaqala phakathi nawo-1800s. Ingumanduleli wendlela yesimanje yokufaka uzimele yesikhulumi futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa namuhla kumabhilidi amancane. Ngokungafani nozimele wenkundla, uhlaka lwebhaluni luqukethe izikhonkwane eziqhubekayo ezinweba ubude obugcwele besakhiwo, ngokuvamile izindaba ezimbili, ukusuka ku-found plate kuya ku-rafter plate. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi kwakhiwe isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesinkulu kusetshenziswa izingcezu ezincane zamapulangwe.

Izinzuzo kanye Nemibi Ye-Balloon Framing

Izinzuzo:

• Ukwakheka kwebhaluni kuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, kuye ngamakhono omakhi.
• Ivumela ukufakwa kwezingodo ezinkulu, ezingaletha umuzwa womlando nobuhle besakhiwo.
• Ukwenza amafreyimu ebhaluni ngokuvamile akudli isikhathi esiningi futhi akugxili kakhulu kunokufreyima kwenkundla, okungangonga ezindlekweni.

Okumbi:

• Ukwakhiwa kwebhaluni kudinga inani elikhulu lezingodo, okungaba nzima ukulithola futhi libize.
• Izikhonkwane eziqhubekayo zingavumela ukugeleza okungekuhle komlilo, okwenza kube indlela ephephile yokwakha uma kuqhathaniswa nohlaka lweplathifomu.
• Ukwakhiwa kwebhaluni akujwayelekile ukusetshenziswa namuhla ngenxa yokuncipha kwamahlathi angaziwa eMelika, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola izingodo ezinkulu ezidingekayo kule ndlela.

Izinto zokwakha: Umgogodla Wokwakhiwa Kohlaka

Izinkuni yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kohlaka. Kungumkhiqizo wemvelo otholakala kalula futhi kulula ukusebenza ngawo. Izinhlobo zezinkuni ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kohlaka zihlanganisa i-pine, poplar, red and rosewood. Ubukhulu bokhuni olusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kohlaka ngokuvamile busukela kumayintshi angu-2 kuye kwangu-4. Izinkuni zisikwa zibe izingcezu ezibizwa ngokuthi izinti, ezibe sezixhunywa ukwenza uhlaka lwesakhiwo.

Insimbi: Izinto Eziqinile Nezihlala Ziqinile Zokwakhiwa Kohlaka

Insimbi ingenye impahla evame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kohlaka. Kuyinto eqinile futhi eqinile ekwazi ukumelana nemiphumela yesikhathi nesimo sezulu. Insimbi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezakhiweni ezidinga izinga eliphezulu lamandla nokusekelwa. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zezentengiselwano nezakhiwo ezinkulu zezimboni.

I-Glue kanye Nezindlela Zokomisa: Ukhiye Wokwakhiwa Kohlaka Oluqinile

Ekwakhiweni kohlaka, ukusetshenziswa kweglue kanye namasu okomisa kuyisihluthulelo sokudala uhlaka oluqinile noluhlala njalo. I-glue isetshenziswa emaphethelweni ezinkuni noma izingcezu zensimbi ukuze kuvinjwe ukuthi zinganyakazi noma zigudluke. Izindlela zokomisa zisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iglue isomile ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuba izingcezu zixhunywe. Izindlela zehlombe kanye ne-block zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubeka nokusika izingcezu zokhuni noma zensimbi.

Ukusekela Okuvundlile Nokuma: Ukwandisa Amandla Okwakhiwa Kohlaka

Izisekelo ezivundlile neziqondile zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa amandla okwakhiwa kohlaka. Izisekelo ezivundlile zivamise ukubekwa emazingeni aphezulu naphansi esakhiwo, kuyilapho izisekelo eziqondile zibekwe phakathi nendawo yesakhiwo. Inani lezisekelo ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwefreyimu lizohluka kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu kanye nomklamo wesakhiwo.

Iyaqedwa: Ukungeza Ukuthinta Kokugcina Ekwakhiweni Kohlaka

Ukuqedwa kusetshenziselwa ukwengeza ukuthinta kokugcina ekwakhiweni kohlaka. Ihlanganisa uhla lwemikhiqizo efana nopende, ipholishi, nezinye izimbotshana ezifakwa ngaphezulu kohlaka. Ukuqeda kungasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukhuni noma insimbi ekuwohlokeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthuthukisa ukubukeka okuphelele kwesakhiwo.

Izinto Ezihlanganisiwe: Ukusebenzisa Izinto Ezihlukile Ukuze Uthuthukise Ukwakhiwa Kohlaka

Kwezinye izimo, izinto ezahlukene zihlanganiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kohlaka. Isibonelo, izinkuni nensimbi zingahlanganiswa ukuze zenze ifreyimu eqinile futhi ehlala njalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlangene nakho kungathonya impilo yesevisi yesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwayo jikelele.

Amafasitela okhuni

Usebenzisa amafreyimu okhuni endlini yakho futhi izinhlaka zokhuni kufanele zigcinwe njalo.

Lapho uzokwakha indlu, kufanele wenze ukukhetha kusenesikhathi.

Iliphi itshe olifunayo, imaphi ama-tile ophahleni nokuthi yiziphi izinhlaka ozikhethayo.

Ungakhetha kumafreyimu epulasitiki, amafreyimu e-aluminium namafreyimu okhuni.

Ngokuqinisekile uzobheka intengo futhi uzobona ukuthi amafreyimu okhuni abiza kakhulu kunezinhlaka zepulasitiki.

Amawindi e-aluminium abiza kakhulu.

Ungenza ukukhetha kwakho ngokusekelwe enanini.

Okubalulekile futhi, yebo, ukubukeka.

Ozimele bokhuni banikeza ikhaya lakho ukubukeka okufudumele futhi bengeze inani.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula ukusebenza nabo futhi babe nempilo ende yesevisi.

Ngokwami, ngikhetha uhlaka oluqinile lwamapulangwe.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lolu lukhuni olunamandla kakhulu futhi luyamelana nezimo zezulu.

Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu yi-merbau ne-meranti.

Uhlobo oluhlukile lwezinkuni luvame ukusetshenziselwa ngaphakathi endlini.

Phela lamafasitela awancikile esimweni sezulu.

I-spruce ne-pine wood ivame ukusetshenziselwa ngaphakathi endlini.

Ukukhetha kungokomuntu njalo.

Ukwengezwa kwama-pluses nama-minuses.

Uma ukugunda, ukukhetha kwenziwa ngokushesha.

Ozimele ngokhuni ukhetha uhlelo lukapende

Uma ungathanda ukuqhubeka nokubona isakhiwo sokhuni, khetha i-lacquer ebonakalayo noma ibala.

Uma ufuna ukubeka umbala kuwo, uzokwenza lokhu ngopende osuselwe ku-turpentine.

Manje ngikhuluma ngengaphandle lamafreyimu ewindi.

Sebenzisa upende we-acrylic ngaphakathi.

Kufanele uqaphele ukuthi izinhlaka zokhuni zidinga ukunakekelwa njalo.

Kufanele ucabange ukuthi njalo eminyakeni engu-6 kuya kwengu-7 kufanele upende ijazi elisha likapende phezu kwalo.

Ngalokhu ugcina kahle isimo samafreyimu.

Uma uzosebenzisa ibala, kuzodingeka ukwenze lokhu njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma emine.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhlanze amafasitela akho enziwe ngokhuni kabili ngonyaka nge-cleaner yezinhloso zonke.

Uma ukwenza lokhu njalo uzobona ukuthi umdwebo wakho wezikhathi ezithile ungahlehliswa.

Ngakho udinga ukunakekelwa okuncane.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi uhlole njalo ngonyaka.

Lokho kusho ukuthi unyaka nonyaka uhamba uzungeza indlu yakho ubhale phansi iziphambeko.

Lokhu kungaba imifantu noma izinyembezi.

Uvame ukubona lokhu emakhoneni amafreyimu ewindi.

Bese uxazulula lokhu ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa i-acrylic sealant ukuze kungabikho manzi angangena.

Ngemuva kwakho konke, ungakwazi ukudweba phezu kwe-acrylic sealant.

Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuzenzela lokhu, cela umdwebi enze lo msebenzi.

Uma njalo wenza la maphuzu amabili ashiwo ngenhla, uzobona ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokupenda uhlala usezingeni eliphezulu!

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, yindlela uhlaka ekwakhiweni olusebenza ngayo. Amafreyimu angasetshenziswa ukusekela izindonga zesakhiwo noma uphahla, noma izindonga nje, futhi asetshenziswa kokubili ukwakhiwa kwezimboni kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Manje usuwazi konke ukungena nokuphuma kwamafreyimu, ngakho-ke qhubeka futhi usebenzise lolo lwazi ngokuhlakanipha.

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.