Ukuze uthole isu, bheka Ukuthatha izithombe. Isithombe noma isithombe isithombe esidalwe ukukhanya okuwela endaweni ezwela ukukhanya, ngokuvamile ifilimu yezithombe noma into kagesi efana ne-CCD noma i-CMOS chip.
Izithombe eziningi zenziwa kusetshenziswa ikhamera, esebenzisa ilensi ukuze igxilise amaza okukhanya abonakalayo endaweni yesehlakalo ibe ukukhiqizwa kwalokho okungabonwa iso lomuntu. Inqubo nokwenza izithombe kubizwa ngokuthi ukuthwebula izithombe.
Igama elithi “isithombe” laqanjwa ngo-1839 nguSir John Herschel futhi lisuselwa kwelesiGreki elithi φῶς (phos), elisho “ukukhanya”, kanye no-γραφή (graphê), okusho “ukudweba, ukubhala”, ndawonye lisho “ukudweba ngokukhanya”.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
Ukuqaqa Incazelo Yesithombe
Isithombe akusona nje isithombe esilula esithathwe ikhamera noma i-smartphone. Kuwuhlobo lobuciko oluthwebula isikhashana ngesikhathi, olukhiqiza umdwebo wokukhanya oqoshwa endaweni ezwela izithombe. Igama elithi “isithombe” livela kwelesiGrikhi elithi “phōs” elisho ukukhanya nelithi “graphē” elisho umdwebo.
Umsuka Wezithombe
Izimpande zokuthatha izithombe zingalandelelwa emuva kuma-1800s lapho izithombe zokuqala zezithombe zadalwa kusetshenziswa ifilimu yezithombe. Namuhla, ngokufika kobuchwepheshe bedijithali, izithombe zingadalwa kusetshenziswa izinzwa zezithombe zikagesi ezifana nama-CCD noma ama-CMOS chips.
Izindikimba Zesimanje Nemiqondo Yezithombe
Ukuthwebula izithombe kushintshile ekubeni nje ukurekhodwa okulula kwesithombe kuya ohlotsheni lobuciko oluyinkimbinkimbi oluhlola izingqikithi nemiqondo ehlukahlukene. Ezinye zezindikimba zesimanje nemibono yezithombe zihlanganisa:
- Portraiture: ukuthwebula ingqikithi yomuntu ngesithombe sakhe
- I-Landscape: ukuthwebula ubuhle bemvelo kanye nemvelo
- Impilo esekhona: ukuthwebula ubuhle bezinto ezingaphili
- Abstract: ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kombala, umumo, kanye nefomu ukuze udale isithombe esiyingqayizivele
Iqhaza Lobuchwepheshe Kwezithombe
Ubuchwepheshe bubambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuthatha izithombe. Ngokwethulwa kwezinhlelo zekhompiyutha namakhamera edijithali, abathwebuli bezithombe manje sebengakwazi ukukhohlisa futhi bathuthukise izithombe zabo ukuze benze imisebenzi yobuciko eyingqayizivele nemangalisayo.
Ukuhlola Umhlaba Othakazelisayo Wezinhlobo Nezitayela Zezithombe
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuthatha izithombe, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezithombe ongazithatha. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezithombe ongazicabangela:
- Izithombe Zemvelo: Lolu hlobo lokuthwebula izithombe lubandakanya ukuthwebula ubuhle bemvelo, okuhlanganisa nezwe, izintaba, nezilwane zasendle.
- Isithombe Ngobude: Lolu hlobo lokuthatha izithombe lubandakanya ukuthwebula ingqikithi yomuntu noma iqembu labantu. Kungenziwa estudiyo noma ngaphandle, futhi kungaba okusemthethweni noma okungajwayelekile.
- I-Fine Art Photography: Lolu hlobo lokuthatha izithombe lumayelana nokudala okuthile okuhlukile futhi okunamandla. Kuncike ebuhlakanini nasekuboneni komthwebuli wezithombe, futhi kungafaka izitayela nezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene.
Izitayela Nezinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezithombe
Izithombe ziyingxube yezitayela nezinhlobo ezahlukene. Nazi ezinye zezitayela ezidume kakhulu nezidumile nezinhlobo zezithombe:
- Isithombe Sendawo: Lolu hlobo lwezithombe lumayelana nokuthwebula ubuhle bemvelo, okuhlanganisa izintaba, amahlathi, nolwandle. Idinga ukusetha okuqondile kanye neso elibukhali ukuze uthole imininingwane.
- Izithombe Zezitaladi: Lolu hlobo lwezithombe lubandakanya ukuthwebula impilo yansuku zonke yabantu ezindaweni zomphakathi. Kudinga ukuzijwayeza okuningi nokuqonda kahle izici zekhamera yakho.
- Izithombe Ezimnyama Nokumhlophe: Lolu hlobo lwezithombe lumayelana nokusebenzisa ukukhanya nesithunzi ukuze udale isithombe esinamandla nesihlukile. Inikeza inhlobonhlobo yomumo nemigqa engaguqula isigcawu esilula sibe into emangalisayo.
Ukuvela Kwezithombe: Ukusuka e-Niépce kuya ku-Luc
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, umFulentshi uJoseph Nicéphore Niépce waba nesithakazelo ekutholeni indlela yokukhiqiza izithombe ezihlala njalo. Wazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuqoshwa kwe-lithographic kanye nemidwebo egcotshwe ngamafutha, kodwa ayikho eyaphumelela. Ekugcineni, ngo-February 1826, wakhipha isithombe sokuqala esebenzisa indlela ayibiza ngokuthi i-heliography. Wafaka ipuleti le-pewter elinamekwe ngesisombululo esingezwa ukukhanya ekhamera futhi walibeka ekukhanyeni amahora ambalwa. Izindawo ezichayeke ekukhanyeni zaba mnyama, zashiya izinhlangothi ezingenhla zepuleti zingathintwa. U-Niépce wabe esegeza ipuleti ngento encibilikayo, eshiya isithombe esiyingqayizivele, esinembile sokubuka phambi kwekhamera.
I-Daguerreotype: Ifomu Lokuqala Elidumile Lezithombe
Inqubo kaNiépce yacwengwa umlingani wakhe, uLouis Daguerre, okwaholela ku-daguerreotype, uhlobo lokuqala olusebenzayo lokuthatha izithombe. Indlela kaDaguerre yayihilela ukudalula ipuleti lethusi eligqize ngesiliva ekukhanyeni, okwadala umfanekiso onemininingwane owabe usuthuthukiswa ngomhwamuko wemercury. I-daguerreotype yaduma ngeminyaka yawo-1840 nawo-1850, futhi izingcweti eziningi zobuciko zavela ngalesi sikhathi.
Inqubo Ye-Wet Plate Collodion: Intuthuko Ebalulekile
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, inqubo entsha ebizwa ngokuthi inqubo ye-wet plate collodion yasungulwa. Le ndlela yayihilela ukumboza ipuleti lengilazi ngesisombululo esizwela ukukhanya, ukulibeka ekukhanyeni, bese uthuthukisa isithombe. Inqubo ye-wet plate collodion yathuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lokukhiqiza izithombe ngesilinganiso esikhulu futhi yasetshenziswa ukubhala ngeMpi Yombango YaseMelika.
Inguquko Yedijithali
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuthwebula izithombe zedijithali kwavela njengendlela entsha yokukhiqiza izithombe. Lokhu kwakuhilela ukusebenzisa ikhamera yedijithali ukuze uthwebule isithombe, esasingase sibukwe futhi sihlelwe kukhompuyutha. Ikhono lokubuka nokuhlela izithombe ngokushesha liyishintshe kakhulu indlela esithatha ngayo kanye nokwabelana ngayo ngezithombe.
Isiphetho
Ngakho, yilokho isithombe esiyikho. Isithombe esithathwe ngekhamera, noma ngocingo kulezi zinsuku, esithwebula umzuzwana ngesikhathi futhi sakha ubuciko.
Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthatha izithombe njengoba usuzazi izinto eziyisisekelo, futhi ungahlala ubheka abanye abathwebuli bezithombe abakhulu abasigqugquzele ngomsebenzi wabo. Ngakho ungabi namahloni futhi uzame!
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
