Ama-pigments ama-ejenti ombala angancibiliki emanzini kodwa ancibilika kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile ziyizinhlayiya ezigaywe kahle ezifakwe ku-a isigaxa ukwenza ukudweba noma uyinki. Kukhona ama-pigments emvelo kanye nama-synthetic pigments.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizokutshela konke ngabo. Ngakho-ke, ake siqale! Usukulungele? Nami ngilungile! Ake sicwilise!
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
- Ukukhulula Amandla Emibala Kupende Nakuma-coatings
- I-Evolution of Pigments in Paint: Umlando Onemibala
- Umhlaba Othakazelisayo Wezingulube Zemvelo Kupende
- Ukuhlola Ikhemistry Yezingulube Kupende
- I-Pigments Ebophayo: Isihluthulelo Sokudala Imidwebo Ehlala Isikhathi Eside
- Ake Sikhulume Ngokungafihli kanye Nokufiphala Kwemibala Kapende
- Isiphetho
Ukukhulula Amandla Emibala Kupende Nakuma-coatings
Ama-pigments ama-colorants anikeza upende kanye nezingubo imibala yazo eyingqayizivele. Ngokuvamile ziyizinhlayiya ezingancibiliki ezigaywe kahle futhi zengezwe kupende noma ekwakhiweni kokumboza ukuze kudluliselwe umbala, inqwaba, noma impahla efiselekayo engokwenyama namakhemikhali kufilimu emanzi noma eyomile. Izingulube zingaba zemvelo noma zokwenziwa, futhi ziza ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kusukela kokunsundu komhlaba kanye nohlaza kuya kokubomvu okugqamile, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nokuphuzi.
Iqhaza Le-Pigments Ekubaleni Umbala
Ama-pigments asebenza ngokubonisa noma ngokudlulisela ukukhanya ukuze kwakheke umbono wombala. Uma ukukhanya kushaya i-pigment, enye imunca ngenkathi enye iboniswa noma idluliswa. Umbala esiwubonayo uwumphumela wamaza okukhanya okubonakala noma okudluliselwa yi-pigment. Yingakho ama-pigments evame ukuchazwa ngokuthi anezici zombala.
Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Izingulube Ezilungile
Ukukhetha ama-pigments afanele kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe umbala oyifunayo kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza kumapende nezingubo. Ezinye izici okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha ama-pigments zihlanganisa:
- Uhlobo lukapende noma ukunamathela okusetshenziswayo
- Umbala kanye nesiphetho oyifunayo
- Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezidingekayo
- Izinto ezigcotshwayo
- Izimo zemvelo i-coating izovezwa kuzo
I-Evolution of Pigments in Paint: Umlando Onemibala
• Abantu sebeneminyaka engaphezu kuka-40,000 besebenzisa izingulube, njengoba kufakazelwa imidwebo emigedeni yangaphambi komlando.
- Ama-pigments okuqala atholakala emithonjeni yemvelo efana namaminerali, ubumba, kanye nama-colorants asekelwe ezilwaneni.
- Lezi mibala zazigaywa zibe yimpushana ecolekileyo kusetshenziswa izinto zasendulo futhi zixutshwe ne-binder ukuze kwakhiwe upende.
- Imibala yokuqala eyaziwayo kwakuyi-ocher ebomvu nephuzi, i-sienna eshisiwe ne-umber, noshoki omhlophe.
Izingulube zasendulo zaseGibhithe naseNdiya
• Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo babethanda imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njenge-lapis lazuli ne-copper silicate.
- Abadwebi baseNdiya basebenzisa odayi bemvelo abasuselwa ezitshalweni nasezinambuzaneni ukuze bakhe imibala egqamile.
- Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakusetshenziswa izingulube ezinomthofu ezinjengomhlophe womthofu nophuzi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezingulube Zokwenziwa
• Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, osokhemisi bathola izindlela ezintsha zokwenza izikhala zokwenziwa, njenge-phthalo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ne-anhydrous iron oxide.
- Lezi zombala kwakulula ukuzikhiqiza futhi zazinemibala ehlukahlukene kunozakwabo bemvelo.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezingulube zokwenziwa kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezitayela ezintsha zobuciko, njengemibala ekhanyayo esetshenziswa u-Vermeer.
Umhlaba Othakazelisayo Wezingulube Zemvelo Kupende
Imibala yezinto eziphilayo yizinto ezikhiqizwa izinto eziphilayo ezinombala obangelwa ukumuncwa kombala okukhethekile. Lezi mibala zitholakala emvelweni futhi zingakhiqizwa izitshalo, izilwane, ngisho nabantu. Abizwa ngama-biological pigments ngoba akhiqizwa izinto eziphilayo.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwezingulube Zemvelo
Imibala yezinto eziphilayo ikhiqizwa izinto eziphilayo futhi itholakala ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise izitshalo, izilwane, ngisho nokhuni. Akhiqizwa umzimba futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile endleleni imvelo esebenza ngayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwezingulube zezinto eziphilayo kuhlobene namaprotheni adingwa umzimba ukuze kuzuzwe umbala.
Ukuhlola Ikhemistry Yezingulube Kupende
Ama-pigments yizinto ezimibalabala ezinikeza upende umbala wawo. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezimibalabala kunquma umbala wazo, ukuqina, nokusebenza kwawo. Izingulube zingaba eziphilayo noma ezingaphili, futhi uhlobo ngalunye lunezici eziyingqayizivele ezithinta ukusetshenziswa kwazo kupende. Nazi ezinye izimibalabala ezivamile kanye nokwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali:
- Imibala ye-Inorganic: Lezi mibala ngokuvamile zikhanya futhi zihlala isikhathi eside kune-organic pigments. Zihlanganisa:
- I-Titanium white: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-titanium dioxide futhi sivame ukusetshenziswa kumapende, izimonyo, neminye imikhiqizo.
– I-Cadmium yellow: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-cadmium sulfide futhi saziwa ngombala wayo ogqamile, ofudumele.
– I-Ultramarine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-sodium aluminium sulfosilicate futhi ekuqaleni sadalwa ngokugaya itshe eliyigugu i-lapis lazuli.
- I-Burnt Sienna: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-sienna eluhlaza eshisiwe ukuze kwakheke mnyama, umbala onsundu ngokubomvu.
- I-Vermilion: Le pigment yenziwe nge-mercuric sulfide futhi ibisetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ngombala wayo obomvu ogqamile.
- Imibala ye-Organic: Lezi mibala zenziwe ngama-molecule asekelwe ku-carbon futhi ngokuvamile azihlali isikhathi eside kune-inorganic pigments. Zihlanganisa:
– I-Phthalo eluhlaza: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-phthalocyanine yethusi futhi saziwa ngombala wayo ogqamile, oluhlaza sasibhakabhaka.
- I-Hansa yellow: Lesi sombala senziwe ngezinhlanganisela ze-azo futhi sivame ukusetshenziswa kuzimonyo neminye imikhiqizo.
– I-Phthalo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-phthalocyanine yethusi futhi saziwa ngombala wayo ogqamile, oluhlaza sasibhakabhaka.
- I-Rose madder: Le pigment yenziwe ngezimpande zesitshalo se-madder futhi isisetshenziswe ngabadwebi amakhulu eminyaka.
- Umhlophe waseShayina: Lesi sombala senziwe nge-zinc oxide futhi sivame ukusetshenziswa kupende we-watercolor.
Indlela Ama-Pigment Asetshenziswa Ngayo Kupende
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezingulube kunquma ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani kupende. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa ama-pigments kupende:
- Misa amaza okukhanya athile: Izingulube zimunca ubude obuthile bokukhanya futhi zibonise okunye, okudala umbala esiwubonayo.
- Dala umbala wesakhiwo: Ezinye izikhala, njenge-ultramarine blue, zidala umbala wesakhiwo ngokubonisa ukukhanya ngendlela ethile.
- Iyahluka ngesikhathi sokumisa: Ezinye izingulube, njenge-titanium emhlophe, zoma ngokushesha, kanti ezinye, njenge-sienna eshisiwe, zithatha isikhathi eside ukuze zome.
- Yakha isixazululo: Ezinye izingulube, njenge-phthalo blue, ziyancibilika emanzini futhi zingasetshenziswa kumapende we-watercolor.
- Dala izinhlobonhlobo zemibala: Izingulube zingaxutshwa ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe uhla lwemibala, kuye ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo nezinhlanganisela ezikhona.
- Engeza umbala kweminye imikhiqizo: Izingulube zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa izimonyo, izindwangu, namapulasitiki.
I-Pigments Ebophayo: Isihluthulelo Sokudala Imidwebo Ehlala Isikhathi Eside
Ama-binders yizinto ezibamba ama-pigments ndawonye ngopende. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza ama-pigments asetshenziswe kanye nokudala ukuthungwa okufunayo nokuqeda upende. Izibophezelo zenziwa ikakhulukazi ngezinto ezisindayo, ezibushelelezi ezingehlisa ithoni yopende futhi zinikeze uhla olukhulu lwemibala.
Izinhlobo Zokuhlanganisa
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zokuhlanganisa ezisetshenziswa abaculi emidwebeni yabo. Ezinye ezidume kakhulu yilezi:
- Amafutha: Lesi isibopho esomisa kancane esilungele ukudala amathoni anothile, ajulile emidwebeni. Kuyinto ethandwayo phakathi kwabadwebi namuhla ngoba ivumela isikhathi eside sokusebenza futhi ingenziwa ngamasu amaningana.
- Iqanda: Lesi isibophezelo esomisa ngokushesha esilungele ukudala abushelelezi, ngisho namathoni emidwebeni. Kwakuyisinqumo esidumile phakathi kwabadwebi ezikhathini zangaphambili futhi sisasetshenziswa nanamuhla ngabadwebi abathile.
- I-Tempera: Lesi isibophezelo esomisa ngokushesha esilungele ukudala imidwebo emincane, enemininingwane. Kuyisinqumo esithandwayo phakathi kwabaculi abafuna ukudala imidwebo enezinga eliphezulu lemininingwane.
Ukugaya Pigments nge Binders
Ukuze kwakhiwe upende, ama-pigments agaywa ngezibophezelo ukuze enze ukwakheka okubushelelezi, okulinganayo. Inqubo yokugaya ingathinta umbala nokuthungwa kwepende, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugaya ama-pigments ngendlela efanele. Amanye amathiphu okugaya ama-pigments ngezibophezelo ahlanganisa:
- Ukusebenzisa i-pigment yemvelo: Imibala yemvelo kulula ukuyigaya futhi idale ukuthungwa okungaguquki kunezingulube zokwenziwa.
- Ukusebenzisa i-pigment emhlophe: Ukwengeza i-pigment emhlophe phansi kungasiza ekwakheni upende osebenziseka kalula.
- Ukuhlanganisa ama-binder: Ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlanganisa kungasiza ekwakheni upende olufanele indlela ethile yobuciko.
Imikhawulo Yokuhlanganisa
Nakuba ama-binders eyingxenye ebalulekile kapende, aveza ukulinganiselwa okuthile. Eminye yale mikhawulo ihlanganisa:
- Ukuhola: Ezinye izibophezelo ziqukethe umthofu, okungaba yingozi kubaculi abasebenza nazo. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izibophezelo ezingenawo umthofu.
- Isikhathi sokumisa: Isikhathi sokumisa upende singathinteka yi-binder esetshenzisiwe. Ezinye izibophezelo zoma ngokushesha kunabanye, okungenza kube nzima ukusebenza ngopende.
- Amachibi: Amanye ama-pigments athintwa yi-binder esetshenzisiwe, engabangela ukuba asheshise noma ahlehlise isikhathi sokumisa upende.
Ukuphakamisa Isibophezelo Esilungile se-Pigment
Ukukhetha i-binder efanele ye-pigment kuyadingeka ukudala upende olufanele inqubo yobuciko oyifunayo. Amanye amathiphu okuphakamisa isibophezelo esilungile se-pigment ahlanganisa:
- Ukuqonda izici ze-pigment: Ukwazi izici ze-pigment kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi iyiphi i-binder ezosebenza kangcono ngayo.
- Ukuhlola ama-binder ahlukene: Ukuhlola ama-binder ahlukene nge-pigment kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi iyiphi ezodala ukuthungwa nokuqeda okufunayo.
- Ukufuna ukwaziswa emithonjeni eqondile: Ukufuna ukwaziswa emithonjeni eqondile, njengomkhiqizi we-pigment noma isitudiyo esisebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekwenzeni umbala, kunganikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile okufanele kusetshenziswe isibophezelo.
Ake Sikhulume Ngokungafihli kanye Nokufiphala Kwemibala Kapende
Uma sikhuluma ngama-pigments akhanyayo kupende, sibhekisa kulezo ezivumela ukukhanya kudlule kuwo. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzazi mayelana nama-pigments asobala:
- Imibala ekhanyayo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-glaze, okuyizingqimba ezincane zopende ezivumela umbala ongaphansi ukuthi ubonakale.
- Ngenxa yokuthi i-pigment ekhanyayo ivumela ukukhanya kudlule, ingakha umphumela okhanyayo emidwebeni.
- Ama-pigments asobala avame ukuba namandla kancane kune-opaque pigments, okusho ukuthi kungaba nzima ukuzibona ngokwawo.
- Ezinye zombala obala ezivamile zihlanganisa i-phthalo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-alizarin crimson, ne-quinacridone magenta.
I-Opacity: Lapho Ukukhanya Kuvinjiwe
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-pigments a-opaque avimba ukukhanya ukuba kungadluli kuwo. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzazi mayelana nama-opaque pigments:
- Ama-pigment opaque avame ukusetshenziselwa ukumboza amaphutha noma ukudala izindawo eziqinile zombala.
- Ngenxa yokuthi i-opaque pigments ivimba ukukhanya, ingakha umphumela oqinile, we-matte emidwebeni.
- I-Opaque pigments ivame ukuba namandla kakhulu kune-pigment esobala, okusho ukuthi ingaba lula ukuzibona ngokwazo.
- Amanye ama-opaque pigments avamile ahlanganisa i-titanium emhlophe, i-cadmium ebomvu, ne-ultramarine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
I-Translucent: Kancane Kancane Kokubili
Kukhona nesigaba sesithathu sombala okufanele sicatshangelwe: i-translucent pigments. Imibala ekhanyayo iphakathi nendawo esobala ne-opaque, evumela ukukhanya ukuthi kudlule kodwa hhayi konke. Ezinye izingulube ezikhanyayo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa i-sienna eluhlaza, i-sienna eshisiwe, ne-umber eluhlaza.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, yilokho okushiwo ama-pigments nokuthi athinta kanjani umbala wepende. Ziyinto engezwe kokubalulekile ukushintsha umbala wayo, ukuthungwa, noma ezinye izici. Ama-pigment asetshenziswa kumapende, kuma-coatings, nakwezinye izinto. Bajwayele ukufaka imibala kuyo yonke into kusukela ezindongeni kuye ezingutsheni kuya ezimotweni. Ngakho-ke, khumbula ukuzisebenzisa futhi ujabulele impilo enemibala!
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
