Ukuswakama kwesakhiwo wukuba khona komswakamo ongafuneki esakhiweni sesakhiwo, okungaba umphumela wokugxambukela ngaphandle noma ukujiya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Ingxenye enkulu yezinkinga zomswakama ezakhiweni ibangelwa ukufingqa, ukungena kwemvula noma ukukhuphuka komswakama.
Kubalulekile ukwazi izimpawu nezimpawu zokuswakama kwesakhiwo ukuze ukwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo ukuze uvikele impilo yakho. Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi iyini, indlela yokuyibona, nendlela yokwelapha.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
- Ungabubona Kanjani Ubumanzi Besakhiwo: Izimpawu Nezimpawu
- Abanamacala Angemuva Kobumanzi Ezakhiweni
- Ubumanzi Besakhiwo kanye Nemiphumela Yakho Yezempilo Eyinkinga
- Ukubona Ubumanzi Besakhiwo: Umhlahlandlela Wokuhlonza Umlandu
- Ukuvimbela Nokwelapha Ubumanzi Besakhiwo: Izindlela Eziyinhloko Nemininingwane
- Isiphetho
Ungabubona Kanjani Ubumanzi Besakhiwo: Izimpawu Nezimpawu
Ubumanzi besakhiwo bungabangela uhla lwezimpawu ezibonakalayo, okuhlanganisa:
- Amabala ezindongeni, ophahleni, naphansi
- Upende oxebukayo noma obhamuzayo noma iphepha lodonga
- I-plaster ewohlokayo
- Udaka oluxegayo noma olubhidlikayo phakathi kwezitini noma amatshe
- Usawoti omhlophe, oyimpuphu ufakwa endaweni
Imiphumela Ezakhiweni
Imiphumela yokuswakama kwesakhiwo ingaba nzima futhi ihlale isikhathi eside. Ezinye zezinkinga ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Ukubola nokubola kwezakhiwo zokhuni, okuhlanganisa iphansi, ama-joists, nezingodo zophahla
- Ukugqwala kwezinsimbi zensimbi nezinye izakhi zensimbi
- Ukungenwa yisikhunta nesikhunta, okungadala izinkinga zempilo futhi kugcine kuholele ekuhlelweni kabusha noma kwakhiwe kabusha.
- Ukulimala kobuqotho besakhiwo, okungaholela ekuweni noma ezinye izingozi zokuphepha
Ukuvimbela Nokwelashwa
Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela eziningana zokuvimbela nokwelapha ukufuma kwesakhiwo, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuvimbela amanzi ngendlela efanele kanye nokuqinisekisa umswakama ngesikhathi sokwakha
- Ukugcinwa njalo nokuhlolwa ukuze kuhlonzwe futhi kulungiswe izinkinga ezingase zibe khona
- Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ukunciphisa amazinga omswakama
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimelana nesikhunta kanye nenamathela
Abanamacala Angemuva Kobumanzi Ezakhiweni
Ukujiya kuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokuswakama ezakhiweni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo. Kwenzeka lapho umoya ofudumele, omanzi uhlangana nendawo ebandayo, okubangela amanzi umhwamuko ukuze ujiye ube uketshezi. Lo mswakama owedlulele ungaholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga, okuhlanganisa isikhunta ukukhula, iphepha lokunamathisela odongeni elixebukayo, namabala aswakeme avuliwe izindonga. Ukuze uvimbele ukujiya, kubalulekile ukugcina izinga lomswakamo langaphakathi lesakhiwo liphansi ngokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya ngendlela efanele kanye nokushisa.
Ukungena Kwemvula: Umlandu Wangaphandle
Ukungena kwemvula kungenye imbangela evamile yokuba nomswakama ezakhiweni. Kwenzeka lapho amanzi angaphandle kwesakhiwo engena esakhiweni, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa izikhala noma imifantu ezindongeni noma ophahleni. Lokhu kungabangela umonakalo esakhiweni sebhilidi futhi kudale amabala aswakeme ezindongeni. Ukuze uvimbele ukungena kwemvula, kubalulekile ukuhlola ingaphandle lesakhiwo njalo futhi wenze noma yikuphi ukulungisa okudingekayo.
Ukuswakama Okukhulayo: Umlandu Waphansi
Umswakama okhuphukayo ubangelwa amanzi akhuphuka esuka phansi aye ezindongeni zesakhiwo. Lokhu kungenzeka lapho indawo yokuvikela umswakama yesakhiwo (i-DPC) ilimele noma ingekho, okuvumela amanzi ukuthi aqhubeke nokukhuphuka kwezindonga. Ukunyuka komswakamo kungadala izinkinga eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukukhula kwesikhunta, umonakalo esakhiweni sebhilidi, namapheshana okuswakama ezindongeni. Ukuze uvimbele ukukhuphuka komswakama, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sine-DPC esebenzayo kanye nokwenza noma yikuphi ukulungisa okudingekayo.
Umswakamo Ophakeme: Umlandu Womoya
Amazinga omswakamo aphezulu angenza futhi umswakama ezakhiweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya opholile. Lo mswakamo owedlulele ungaholela ekukhuleni kwesikhunta, ukuxebuka kwephepha lodonga, namabala aswakeme ezindongeni. Ukuze uvimbele amazinga omswakamo aphezulu ukuthi angabangeli umswakama, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungena umoya ngendlela efanele futhi usebenzise izinto zokuqeda umswakama uma kunesidingo.
Ubumanzi Besakhiwo kanye Nemiphumela Yakho Yezempilo Eyinkinga
Ukuswakama kwesakhiwo ubukhona obungadingeki bomswakama oweqile ezakhiweni, ngokuvamile okubangelwa ukungena kwamanzi, ukujiya, noma ukuswakama okukhuphukayo. Kungaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwesakhiwo nezinto zokwakha, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona zezempilo kubantu nasezifuyweni.
Ukukhathazeka Kwezempilo Okuhlotshaniswa Nobumanzi Besakhiwo
Ukuba khona kokuswakama esakhiweni kwenza ukukhula kwesikhunta, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta, okungaholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga zempilo, ezihlanganisa:
- Izinkinga zokuphefumula: Ubumanzi bungabangela ukugcwala emoyeni kwezinhlamvu zesikhunta, okuthi uma zihogeliwe, kubangele isifuba somoya nezinye izifo zokuphefumula.
- I-Allergenic noma i-immunological disease: Ukuchayeka esikhunjeni kanye nezinye izinto ezingezwani nomswakama ezihlobene nokuswakama kungabangela ukungezwani komzimba kanye nezifo ze-immunological.
- Isifo esingaguquki: Ubumanzi bungabangela nezifo ezingaguquki, njengekhanda elibuhlungu, ukukhathala, nokucasuka kwamehlo, ikhala, nomphimbo.
Ukuthi Ubumanzi Besakhiwo Buqala Kanjani Isifuba Somoya
Ukuzwela kwezibungu zothuli ezinqwabelana ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ezimanzi zesakhiwo kungase kubangele isifuba somoya. Izibungu zothuli ziyizifo ezivamile ezivame ukuchuma ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Uma uhogela, kungabangela izimpawu zesifuba somoya zibe zimbi nakakhulu.
Ubungozi Bezinkinga Zezempilo Zesibili
Ubumanzi besakhiwo buvame ukudala izinkinga zezempilo zesibili ezingaba nzima njengezokuqala. Lokhu kubandakanya:
- Ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane: Izindawo ezinomswakama ziheha izinambuzane ezinjengamagundane, izinambuzane, nezibungu ezingadala izingozi ezengeziwe zempilo.
- Ukubola nokuwohloka kwezinto: Ubumanzi bungabangela ukhonkolo, upende, iphepha lokunamathisela odongeni nezinye izinto, okuholela ekuxebukeni, amabala, nosawoti olimaza ikhwalithi yesakhiwo.
- Ikhwalithi yomoya yasendlini engalungile: Ubumanzi bungabangela izinga lomoya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo ukuba libe mpofu, okuholela ezinkingeni eziningi zezempilo.
Ukubona Ubumanzi Besakhiwo: Umhlahlandlela Wokuhlonza Umlandu
Ukuhlonza ubumanzi besakhiwo kubalulekile ngoba kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu esakhiweni, kuthinte impilo yabahlezi kuso, futhi kwehlise inani lesakhiwo. Ukuba khona komswakama kungaholela ekukhuleni kwesikhunta, okungadala izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukungezwani komzimba nezinye izinkinga zempilo. Kungase futhi kunciphise ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, kuphumele ekulungiseni okubizayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhomba imbangela yomswakama futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze uvimbele.
Izimbangela Ezivamile Zokuba Nomswakama Kwesakhiwo
Umswakama wesakhiwo kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- I-Condensation: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umoya ofudumele, omanzi uhlangana nezindawo ezibandayo ezifana nezindonga nophahla, okubangela ukuthi umswakama uhlangane futhi wenze amaconsi amanzi. Ukujiya kuyimbangela evamile yokuswakama ezindongeni zangaphakathi futhi kungancishiswa ngokuthuthukisa ukwahlukanisa kanye nokusebenza okushisayo.
- Ukungena: Amanzi emvula angangena esakhiweni ngemifantu, izikhala, noma uphahla olunephutha, abangele umswakama ezindongeni nosilingi. Ukuswakama okuvundlile nokume mpo kungabangelwa ukungena kwemvula.
- Umswakama Onyukayo: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amanzi asuka phansi ekhuphuka edlula ezindongeni naphansi kwesakhiwo. Umswakama okhuphukayo uvame kakhulu ezakhiweni ezindala ezingenazo inkambo yokuvikela umswakama noma lapho inkambo ekhona yokuvikela umswakama yehlulekile.
- Iphakethe Lomswakama: Iphakethe lomswakama lingenzeka lapho amanzi evaleleke ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo, okuholela ekutholeni umswakama ezindaweni ezithile.
Umehluko Phakathi Kobumanzi Bangaphakathi Nangaphandle
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuswakama kwangaphakathi nangaphandle ukuze kutholakale imbangela okuyiyonayona futhi kuvinjwe umonakalo owengeziwe. Nawu umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili:
- Ukuswakama Kwangaphakathi: Ukuswakama kwangaphakathi kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo futhi kubangelwa ukufingqa, ukuswakama okukhuphukayo, noma iphakethe lomswakamo.
- Ubumanzi bangaphandle: Ubumanzi bangaphandle bubangelwa ukungena kwemvula futhi kuthinta izindonga zangaphandle nophahla lwesakhiwo.
Inani Lobuchule Ekuhlonzeni Ubumanzi Besakhiwo
Ukuhlonza imbangela yokufuma kwesakhiwo kudinga ikhono nolwazi. Umcwaningi oqeqeshiwe noma umuntu onolwazi angenza uphenyo futhi anikeze usizo olubalulekile ekuhlonzeni imbangela yokuba manzi. Kubalulekile ukufuna usizo lochwepheshe ukuze uhlonze imbangela eyiyo futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze uvimbele umonakalo owengeziwe.
Ukuvimbela Nokwelapha Ubumanzi Besakhiwo: Izindlela Eziyinhloko Nemininingwane
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuvimbela umswakama wesakhiwo ukunikeza inkambo yokuvikela umswakama ngokusebenzisa i-membrane yomswakama. Lokhu kubandakanya ukubeka isithiyo, ngokuvamile esenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa noma isileyithi, phakathi komhlabathi nokhonkolo, udaka, noma ukhonkolo lwezindonga zesakhiwo. I-membrane isebenza njengesithiyo sokuvimbela amanzi ukuthi akhuphuke ngokusebenzisa ama-pores wempahla futhi angene esakhiweni.
Eminye imininingwane okufanele uyikhumbule lapho usebenzisa ukuvikela umswakama we-membrane ihlanganisa:
- Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele kanye nezifundo ezisekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zesakhiwo kanye nokuswakama kwamanje.
- I-porosity yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha, ezingathinta ukusebenza kahle kwe-membrane.
- Ukwendlaleka kwe-membrane, okufanele okungenani kube ngu-15 cm ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlabathi ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yomswakama ongena esakhiweni.
- Ukuxilongwa komswakama okhona kanye nokwelashwa okufanele ukugcwalisa noma yiziphi izikhala noma izimbobo kulwelwesi.
Ukwelapha Okungaphezulu: Ukuvikela Ingaphandle
Enye indlela yokuvimbela umswakama ukwelapha ingaphandle lesakhiwo ngezinto ezivimbela amanzi. Le nqubo ihilela ukusebenzisa imithi yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali, njenge-sodium silicate, ebusweni bezindonga ukuze isabele ngosimende futhi igcwalise izimbotshana. Ama-wax angasetshenziswa futhi ukudala umgoqo ovimbela amanzi ukuthi angangeni esakhiweni.
Eminye imininingwane okufanele uyikhumbule lapho usebenzisa ukwelashwa okungaphezulu ihlanganisa:
- Ukufaneleka kokwelashwa kwento ethile esetshenziswa ekwakheni.
- Isimiso sokuthi ukwelashwa akufanele kuvimbele ama-pores wezinto ezibonakalayo, njengoba lokhu kungathinta ikhono lezinto zokuphefumula futhi kuholele ekuthumeni okwengeziwe.
- Isidingo sokunakekelwa njalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kokwelashwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezindonga Zomgodi: Ukudala Isikhala Sokuvimbela
Indlela yesithathu yokuvimbela umswakama ukusebenzisa ukwakhiwa kodonga lwezingodo, okubandakanya ukwakha udonga olwengeziwe lwangaphandle ukuze kwakheke imbobo phakathi kwezindonga zangaphakathi nezingaphandle. Lesi sikhala sivumela ukungena komoya kanye nokukhipha amanzi, okungavimbela umswakama ukuba ungangeni esakhiweni.
Eminye imininingwane okufanele uyikhumbule lapho usebenzisa ukwakhiwa kodonga lwe-cavity ihlanganisa:
- Idizayini yomgodi, okufanele okungenani ibe ngu-50 mm ububanzi ukuze ivumele ukungena komoya kahle kanye nokukhipha amanzi.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifanele odongeni lwangaphandle, njengokhonkolo wesimanje noma izinto zokwenziwa, ukuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angangeni odongeni.
- Isidingo sokwakhiwa ngokucophelela nokunaka imininingwane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-cavity ivalwe kahle futhi ivikelekile ekumswakama.
Sengiphetha, ukuvimbela nokwelapha ubumanzi besakhiwo kudinga indlela ecatshangelwayo nephelele ecabangela izidingo ezithile zesakhiwo kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni. Ngokusebenzisa ukuvikela umswakama kwe-membrane, ukwelashwa kwendawo, noma ukwakhiwa kodonga lwezingodo, kungenzeka ukuvikela izakhiwo emiphumeleni eyingozi yokuswakama futhi uqinisekise ukuphila kwazo isikhathi eside nokuphepha.
Isiphetho
Ngakho, yilokho okushiwo ubumanzi besakhiwo. Kuyinkinga ngesakhiwo sebhilidi lakho, okubangelwa umswakama oweqile. Kungabangela isikhunta, izinkinga zempilo, kanye nezingozi zokuphepha, kodwa kungavinjelwa futhi zelashwe. Ngakho-ke, ungazinaki izimpawu futhi uthole ukuthi ihlolwe nguchwepheshe. Awufuni ukuphetha unebhilidi eliwile ezandleni zakho!
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
