Injoloba Yemvelo: Izakhiwo, Ukukhiqizwa, Nokusetshenziswa Kuchaziwe

Irabha yemvelo, ebizwa nangokuthi irabha yaseNdiya noma i-caoutchouc, njengoba ikhiqizwa ekuqaleni, iqukethe ama-polymers e-organic compound isoprene, enokungcola okuncane kwezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo kanye namanzi.

Njengamanje, irabha ivunwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela ye I-latex ezihlahleni ezithile. I-latex iyi-colloid enamathelayo, e-milky ekhishwa ngokusika amagxolo futhi iqoqe uketshezi emikhunjini ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-tapping".

Kulesi sihloko, ngizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nalesi sihloko esisebenza ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukwazi Irabha Yemvelo

Irabha yemvelo wuhlobo lwe-polymer olukhiqizwa izitshalo ezithile. Kuyinto eyingqayizivele esetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yansuku zonke, kusukela kumathayi kuya kumagilavu ​​kuya ekugxilweni kukagesi. Injoloba yakhiwe ngamaketanga amade ama- molecule abizwa ngokuthi ama-polymer, axhunywe izinhlanganisela ezincane zezinto eziphilayo.

Icutshungulwa Kanjani Irabha Yemvelo?

Uma ubisi seluqoqiwe, luxutshwa namanzi ukuze kwakhiwe ingxube edluliswa ochungechungeni lwezikrini ukuze kukhishwe noma yiziphi izinhlayiya ezidlulele. Ingxube ibe isiyomiswa futhi idlule esigabeni samandla kagesi anamandla ukuze kwakhiwe umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Yiziphi Ezinye Izinhlobo Ezihlukile Zerabha?

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zenjoloba ezisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yansuku zonke. Ezinye zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa irabha yokwenziwa, ekhiqizwa ngendlela ehlukile kunenjoloba yemvelo, nerabha yokhuni, eyenziwa ngokuxebula amagxolo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezihlahla.

Iluphi Ucwaningo Olwenziwa Ngenjoloba Yemvelo?

Kunocwaningo oluqhubekayo olwenziwa ngenjoloba yemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindawo zayo futhi kutholakale izindlela ezintsha zokuyisebenzisa. Ezinye zezindawo zocwaningo zihlanganisa ukuthola izindlela zokwandisa amazinga okukhiqiza, ukwakha izinhlobo ezintsha zenjoloba ezinezakhiwo ezikhethekile, kanye nokuthola ezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza iraba.

Yini Eyenza Irabha Ihluke Kangaka?

Irabha isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa:

• Amathayi: Irabha iyingxenye esemqoka ekukhiqizeni amathayi, ihlinzeka ngamandla adingekayo kanye nokuguquguquka ukuze imelane nezidingo zomgwaqo.

• Iphansi kanye nokufulela: I-Rubber flooring kanye nezinto zokufulela zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zimelana namanzi nezinye izimo zemvelo.

• Imikhiqizo yezokwelapha: Irabha yeLatex isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eyahlukene yezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​namashubhu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuba sengozini kokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezingcolile, amarabha okwenziwa asetshenziswa kaningi.

• Amabhayisikili: Irabha isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amathayi ebhayisikili namashubhu, ihlinzeka ngokubamba okudingekayo nokuguquguquka ukuze imelane nezidingo zomgwaqo.

• I-Insulation: Irabha iyinto esebenzayo yokufakwa kwe-insulation, enikeza ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu nezimo zemvelo.

• Amagesi, amapayipi, nezixhumi: Irabha isetshenziselwa ukwakha izingxenye zangokwezifiso nezinto ezisetshenziswayo, okuhlanganisa ama-gaskets, amapayipi nezixhumi.

• Ama-Elastomers: Irabha isetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-elastomer ahlukahlukene, okuyizinto ezifana nerabha ezingasetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwenjoloba kuyahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwenjoloba ekhiqizwayo kanye nezakhiwo ezithile ezibonisayo. Kodwa-ke, into eyodwa eqinisekile: irabha iyinto esemqoka ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi esiyisebenzisa nsuku zonke.

Umlando Opulent Werabha

Injoloba inomlando omude futhi onothile osuka emuva kumasiko endabuko e-Mesoamerica. Ubufakazi bokuqala bemivubukulo bokusetshenziswa kwe-latex yemvelo esihlahleni se-Hevea buvela kusiko lwe-Olmec, lapho irabha yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhola e-Mesoamerican ballgame.

Ukufika KwabaseYurophu kanye Nokuguqulwa Kwemboni Yenjoloba

Lapho abantu baseYurophu befika eNingizimu Melika, bathola ukuthi abantu bomdabu babesebenzisa injoloba ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokwenza izicathulo nezingubo. Nokho, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19 lapho ukukhiqizwa kwenjoloba kwaba umkhiqizo obalulekile emhlabeni wonke.

Umthombo Oyinhloko Werabha

Umthombo oyinhloko wenjoloba yemvelo isihlahla se-Hevea, esitholakala emahlathini aseNingizimu Melika. Namuhla, iThailand ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wenjoloba yemvelo, ilandelwa yi-Indonesia, iVietnam, neNdiya.

Umkhiqizo Osetshenziswa Kakhulu

Injoloba manje ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, enamathani emikhiqizo yenjoloba emakethe. Eminye yemikhiqizo yerabha esetshenziswa kakhulu ihlanganisa:

• Amathayi ezimoto, amaloli, namabhayisikili
• Amagilavu ​​enjoloba ngezinhloso zokuphatha kanye nokudla
• Amabhande enjoloba okubamba izinto ndawonye
• Izigxivizo zenjoloba zokuvimbela ukuvuza kwamapayipi nezinye izinto zokusebenza

Ukubaluleka Kwerabha Ezimpilweni Zethu

Injoloba iwumkhiqizo obalulekile osetshenziswe amadoda izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe lethu lanamuhla futhi isaqhubeka nokuba yinto ebalulekile ezimbonini eziningi.

I-Intricacies of Natural Rubber Production

• Irabha yemvelo ikhiqizwa ngokukhipha uketshezi oluwuketshezi olubizwa nge-latex ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezihlahla, ikakhulukazi isihlahla se-Hevea brasiliensis.
• Lesi sihlahla sikhula kuphela eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi eBrazil, kodwa manje sesilinywa nase-Asia.
• Isihlahla singakhula sibe ngamamitha angu-30 ubude futhi sidinga isimo esithile somoya esinomswakama ophezulu kanye nokunikezwa kwe-carbon dioxide ukusekela ukukhula kwaso.
• I-latex itholakala ngokusika amagxolo esihlahla, bese uketshezi oluphumayo luqoqwa ezitsheni ezinamathiselwe esihlahleni.
• Ubisi lubaluleke kakhulu futhi ludinga ukulinganiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala okufanayo.

Inqubo ye-Coagulation

• I-latex etholakala esihlahleni senjoloba iqukethe into ebizwa ngokuthi irabha, okuyingxenye esebenzayo ekukhiqizweni kwenjoloba yemvelo.
• Inqubo yokujiya iqala ngokunezela i-asidi kuyi-latex, eyishubisa futhi ibangele ukuthi injoloba ihlukane noketshezi.
• Ingxube ewumphumela bese yomiswa ukuze kukhishwe amanzi amaningi, futhi ubisi omisiwe bunqunywe abe amashidi amancane.
• Inqubo yokusika yenzeka endaweni eshisayo, okuvame ukuholela kurabha yekhwalithi engcono nesebenza kahle kakhulu.
• Amashidi enjoloba omisiwe abe eselungele ukusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuvuna Ezitshalweni Zasendle

• Nakuba iningi elimangalisayo le-latex yokukhiqizwa kwenjoloba lisukela ezihlahleni ezitshaliwe ze-Hevea brasiliensis, kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-2,500 ezikhiqiza i-latex, okuhlanganisa nezitshalo zasendle.
• Inqubo yokukhipha i-latex ezitshalweni zasendle ngokuvamile yenziwa ngesandla futhi idinga imizamo emikhulu ngenxa yamahlamvu amanzi namaqabunga.
• Injoloba etholakala ezitshalweni zasendle iqhathaniswa kabi naleyo etholakala ezihlahleni ezitshalwayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokumisa

• Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okufanayo kwenjoloba yekhwalithi ephezulu, kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokumisa inqubo yokukhiqiza.
• Lokhu kuhilela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo, ezihlanganisa ukutshalwa nokukhuliswa kwezihlahla zenjoloba endaweni ethile, ukuvunwa kwe-latex, kanye nenqubo yokujiya nokomisa.
• Imizamo yokumisa isiza ukwenza kube lula ukutholwa kwezinto ezidingekayo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala okungaguquki kwenjoloba yemvelo.

Isihlahla Senjoloba: Okungaphezu Nje Komthombo Werabha

• Isihlahla senjoloba, esaziwa nangokuthi i-Hevea brasiliensis, siwuhlobo lwesitshalo somndeni we-spurge i-Euphorbiaceae.
• Yavela eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Amazon eBrazil, lapho ngokwesiko yayisetshenziswa abantu bomdabu ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene.
• Isihlahla isitshalo esishisayo esingakhula sifike ku-100 ubude futhi sineqabunga elilodwa elingafika kumayintshi angu-16 ubude.
• Ikhiqiza ubisi olunobisi noma i-latex equkethe inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yamanzi, ushukela, nezinto ezinwebeka kakhulu.

Ukukhiqizwa Kwerabha Esihlahleni Senjoloba

• Ijusi le-latex lesihlahla senjoloba liwumthombo oyinhloko wenjoloba yemvelo.
• Ubisi buqoqwa ngokwenza imisikeko emincane egxolweni lesihlahla bese ivumela i-latex ukuthi iphumele esitsheni.
• Ubisi luyajiya lapho luchayeke emoyeni, lwenze into eqinile engahlukaniswa noketshezi.
• Izinto eziqinile zibe sezigezwa futhi zomiswe ukuze kukhiqizwe irabha eluhlaza.
• Amasimu enjoloba, atholakala ngokuyinhloko eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nasentshonalanga ye-Afrika, atshala isihlahla senjoloba ukuze sikhiqizelwe ukuhweba.

Okunye Ukusetshenziswa Kwesihlahla Senjoloba

• Isihlahla senjoloba asiwusizo nje kuphela emalini aso e-latex kodwa nasokhuni lwaso, olusetshenziselwa ifenisha nokwakha.
• Lesi sihlahla saziwa nangokwelapha njengoba eminye imithi yesintu isebenzisa amagxolo namahlamvu ukwelapha izifo ezahlukene.
• Isihlahla senjoloba siwumthombo wokudla, njengoba ubisi lwe-latex lunoshukela ongavutshelwa ukuze ukhiqize isiphuzo esidakayo.
• Ukwengeza, isihlahla senjoloba sihlobene nezinye izitshalo zomndeni wakwa-Euphorbiaceae, njenge-dandelion kanye ne-poinsettia (isitshalo sikaKhisimusi esidumile), esiqukethe nobisi lwe-latex olune-milky olujiyayo lapho luchayeke emoyeni.

Ukuhlola Umhlaba Wezinhlobonhlobo Zenjoloba

Lapho sicabanga ngenjoloba, sivame ukucabanga ngesimo semvelo esivela emanzini ezihlahla zenjoloba. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zenjoloba yemvelo, ngayinye enezici zayo nezici ezihlukile. Nazi ezimbalwa ezivame kakhulu:

• Irabha yase-Amazonian: Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zivela esihlahleni se-Hevea brasiliensis, esitholakala ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon. Iyaziwa ngokunwebeka kwayo okuphezulu futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amathayi neminye imikhiqizo yokuthengisa.
• Irabha yaseCongo: Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zivela esihlahleni se-Landolphia, esitholakala esifundeni saseCongo e-Afrika. Inokunwebeka okuphansi kunamanye amarubha emvelo kodwa ibalulekile ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kanye nokumelana nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa.
• Irabha yeDandelion: Lolu hlobo lukhiqizwa ezimpandeni zesitshalo sedandelion saseRussia. Nakuba ingasetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanye amarubha emvelo, ithola ukuthandwa ngenxa yekhono layo lokutshalwa ezindaweni ezibandayo kanye namandla ayo okukhiqiza okuqhubekayo.

Ukukhiqiza Irabha eluhlaza

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zini, yonke irabha iqala njenge-latex ewuketshezi evunwa ezitshalweni. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule lapho ukhiqiza irabha eluhlaza:

• I-latex kufanele iqoqwe ngokucophelela ukugwema ukungcola kanye nokulimala esihlahleni.
• Uma isiqoqiwe, i-latex iyajiya ukuze yakhe irabha eqinile.
• Khona-ke irabha eqinile iyagezwa futhi yomiswe ukuze kukhishwe noma yikuphi ukungcola okusele.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza ngenjoloba yemvelo noma yokwenziwa, ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene nokuthi zikhiqizwa kanjani kubalulekile ekudaleni imikhiqizo yerabha yekhwalithi ephezulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuningi Kwerabha: Kusuka Emathayini Kuya Kumadivayisi Wezokwelapha

Irabha iyinto ebalulekile embonini yezokuthutha. Inikeza ukucindezelwa okuphezulu nokumelana nokushwibilika, okuyenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa kumathayi, amabhande okuthutha, ukuphatha iphampu namapayipi, kanye nezindlu zezimoto. Izitebhisi zamathayi ezimoto zenziwe ngenjoloba ukuze zikwazi ukudonsa kahle emgwaqeni. Injoloba iphinde isetshenziswe ekwenzeni izindiza namathayi emoto, ihlinzeka ngokuphathwa okuthembekile nokuvumelana nezimo.

Izimpahla Zemidlalo

Irabha iphinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amabhola emidlalo eyahlukene. Ukumelana nokuhuzuka kwezinto kanye nokuthamba okuthambile kuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa kubhasikithi, amabhola ebhola, namanye amabhola ezemidlalo. Amarola enjoloba nawo asetshenziswa embonini yokunyathelisa ukuze enze ukuphrinta okukhangayo ephepheni.

Amadivayisi Ezokwelapha Nokuhlinza

Injoloba iyinto ebalulekile embonini yezokwelapha. Isetshenziselwa ukwakha izinsiza zezokwelapha nezokuhlinzwa ezifana namagilavu ​​okuhlinzwa, izingubo zokulala, namabhuzu abunjiwe. Ukuguquguquka kwezinto kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka kuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa kumishini yezokwelapha. Irabha yokwenziwa iyasetshenziswa futhi ekukhiqizeni ama-pacifiers neminye imikhiqizo yezokwelapha.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimboni

Irabha iphinde isetshenziswe ekwenzeni izingxenye zikagesi, enikeza ukumelana nogesi okuphezulu. Isetshenziswa futhi ekukhiqizeni amabhande okuthutha, ukuphatha iphampu namapayipi, kanye nezindlu zezimoto. Ukumelana nokuhuzuka kwempahla kuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa kuzilungiselelo zezimboni.

Okunye ukusetshenziswa

Irabha iyinto ehlukahlukene kakhulu enikezela ngenani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwerabha kufaka:

• Iyabaneka kanye ne-crepe engelapheki ukuze kwenziwe imikhiqizo yenjoloba eshisiwe
• Impahla ebalulekile yocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha
• Ukwengeza noma ukususa izinto zokwakha ukuze udale izinhlobo ezintsha zerabha ezinezakhiwo ezengeziwe
• I-milky liquid etholakala emikhunjini ye-latex noma amaseli isetshenziselwa ukwakha irabha yemvelo
• Irabha ikhiqizwa ngezigidi zamathani minyaka yonke, okuyenza ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi.

Ukusebenza Ngerabha: Umhlahlandlela Wezinto Ezihlukahlukene

Ukusebenza ngenjoloba yemvelo kuyindlela yendabuko esetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka. Le nqubo ihilela ukuthinta isihlahla senjoloba ukuze kuqoqwe i-latex, bese icutshungulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe injoloba. Nazi izinyathelo eziyisisekelo ezihilelekile ekusebenzeni ngenjoloba yemvelo:

• Ukuthepha: Inqubo yokuthepha ihlanganisa ukwenza ukusikeka okuncane egxolweni lesihlahla senjoloba ukuze i-latex iphume.
• Ukuqoqwa: I-latex iqoqwa ezinkomishini bese ithunyelwa endaweni yokucubungula.
• I-Coagulation: I-latex iphathwa nge-asidi ukuze ihlanganise izinhlayiya futhi yakhe isisindo esiqinile.
• Ukugeza: Isisindo esiqinile siyagezwa ukukhipha ukungcola namanzi amaningi.
• Ukugoqa: Irabha igoqwa ibe amashidi bese yomiswa.

Indlela Yesayensi Yokusebenza Ngerabha

Irabha i-polymer, okusho ukuthi iqukethe amaketanga amade ama-molecule ahlanganiswe ndawonye. Indlela yesayensi yokusebenza ngenjoloba ihilela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ekhiqiza izinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Nazi izinyathelo eziyinhloko ezihilelekile endleleni yesayensi yokusebenza ngenjoloba:

• Ukuxuba: Impahla yenjoloba ixubene nezinye izinto ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zayo nokwenza kube lula ukusebenza ngayo.
• Ukushisa: Ingxube ishiselwa ekushiseni okuphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izibopho zamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-molecule.
• Ukubumba: Irabha ibe isibunjwa ibe yisimo esifiswayo kusetshenziswa izindlela ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa ukubumba nokukhipha.
• Ukwelapha: Irabha ibe isiyelapha ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze ithuthukise amandla ayo kanye nokuqina.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwerabha Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Irabha iyinto ebalulekile esekela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emhlabeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ziningi ezinye izinto ezitholakalayo, irabha isasetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ngayo irabha:

• Ezogesi: Irabha iyisivikelo esihle kakhulu futhi isetshenziselwa ukusekela izintambo zikagesi nezintambo.
• Izimoto: Irabha isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziningi zemoto, okuhlanganisa amathayi, amabhande, namapayipi.
• Ezokwelapha: Irabha isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imishini yezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​namashubhu.
• Imboni: Irabha isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto eziningi zezimboni, okuhlanganisa amabhande okuthutha kanye nama-gaskets.

Isiphetho

Ngakho, irabha iyinto eyenziwe nge-latex esihlahleni. Isetshenziselwa yonke into kusukela kumathayi kuya kumagilavu ​​futhi iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla. 

Ngakho-ke, manje uyazi zonke izinkimbinkimbi zenjoloba. Ungesabi ukubuza imibuzo uma ungaqiniseki ngokuthile!

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.