Yini i-solvent? Izincibilikisi ziyizinto ezincibilikisa ezinye izinto, ezizenza zibe ngaphezulu Amanzi. Zisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kusuka ukuhlanza imikhiqizo yopende emithini yemithi.
Kodwa wazi kanjani ukuthi i-solvent? Ake sibheke ukuthi yini eyenza i-solvent ikhetheke kangaka.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
Yazi Izincibilikisi: Isihluthulelo Sokudala Izixazululo
I-solvent yinto encibilikisa i-solute, okuholela esixazululweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isincibilikisi siyinto encibilikisayo, kuyilapho i-solute iyisakhi esincibilikayo. Izincibilikisi ngokuvamile ziwuketshezi, kodwa futhi zingaba izinto eziqinile, amagesi, noma uketshezi olunamandla kakhulu.
Amandla Amanzi NjengeNcibilikisa
Amanzi angesinye sezincibilikisi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yekhono lawo eliyingqayizivele lokuncibilikisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto. Lokhu kungenxa ye-polarity yayo ephezulu, evumela ukuthi ihlukanise izibopho phakathi kwama-molecule futhi iwachithe ngokulinganayo kulo lonke isisombululo. Amanzi abuye abe yi-solvent ezinzile futhi engathathi hlangothi, okusho ukuthi ingahlanganiswa nohlu olubanzi lwe-solutes ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izakhiwo zayo eziyisisekelo.
Ukubaluleka Kwezincibilikisi Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
Izincibilikisi zidlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, kusukela emikhiqizweni yokuhlanza nezinto zokunakekela komuntu siqu kuye kwezemithi nezinqubo zezimboni. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Ushukela uncibilika emanzini ukwenza isixazululo esimnandi.
- Isikhiphi se-nail polish sisebenzisa i-acetone njengesinyibilikisi ukuncibilikisa upholishi.
- Isinciphisi sikapende sisebenzisa ingxube yezincibilikisi ukuncibilikisa upende.
- Uphethiloli usebenzisa ingxube yezincibilikisi ukwenza uphethiloli ongashiswa enjinini.
Umhlaba Othakazelisayo Wokuxazulula
Uma sikhuluma ngezixazululo, sibhekisela engxubeni yezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ezingeni lamangqamuzana. I-substance ekhona ngenani elikhulu kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi i-solvent, kanti ezinye izinto zibizwa ngokuthi i-solutes. I-solvation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekisela ohlelweni lokuncibilikisa i-solute ku-solvent.
Ukubaluleka Kokuxazulula Ezinhlelweni Zebhayoloji
Ukuxazulula kudlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zebhayoloji, ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwamaprotheni. Amaprotheni akhiwe ngamaketanga amade ama-amino acid agoqeka abe yisimo esithile. Ukuma kwephrotheni kunqunywa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaketanga aseceleni e-amino acid kanye nama-athomu azungezile. Ukuba khona kwama-molecule amanzi ku-solvent kudala indawo ye-hydrophilic (ethanda amanzi) esiza ukuzinzisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni.
Imithelela yeSolvation kumaSolutes
Ikhono le-solute lokuncibilika ku-solvent ethile lincike ezicini eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-polarity ye-solute, usayizi, kanye nokuma kwayo. Amanye ama-solutes, njengoshukela, ane-polar kakhulu futhi ancibilika kalula emanzini. Ezinye, njengezinhlanganisela ze-hydrophobic (ezesaba amanzi) njengamafutha, azincibiliki kahle emanzini kodwa zingase zincibilike kuzincibilikisi ezingapholi.
Iqhaza Lezinto Ezincibilikayo Ekuxazululeni
Izincibilikisi zingahlukaniswa ngokuya nge-polarity yazo, ngezincibilikizi ze-polar njengamanzi ane-dielectric ephezulu engaguquki kanye nezincibilikisi ezingapholi njengowoyela ane-dielectric constant constant. I-polarity ye-solvent idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni ngoba inquma ikhono le-solvent ukwamukela noma ukunikela ngama-electron. Izincibilikisi ezincanyana zingcono ekuxazululeni ama-ion nezincibilizi ezincibilikayo, kuyilapho izincibilikisi ezingezona ezimhlophe zingcono ekuxazululeni izincibilikizi ezingapholi.
Amandla Okuxazulula Ekwakheni Izidakamizwa
Isixazululo siwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezidakamizwa ngoba kuthinta ukunyibilika kanye nokuba khona kwezidakamizwa. Izidakamizwa ezincibilika kakhulu emanzini cishe zizomuncwa umzimba, kuyilapho izidakamizwa ezingancibiliki kahle zingadinga imithamo ephezulu noma ezinye izindlela zokuletha. Izici zokuxazulula zomuthi zingathinta nokusebenzisana kwawo namaphrotheni okuhlosiwe namanye ama-biomolecules.
Ukuhlukanisa Izincibilikisi: Umhlahlandlela Wokuqonda Izinhlobo Ezihlukene
Uma kuziwa ekuhlukaniseni ama-solvents, i-polarity iyisici esibalulekile. Izincibilikisi ezincanyana zinesiphetho esihle nesibi, kuyilapho izincibilikisi ze-nonpolar azinawo. Izincibilikisi zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ku-polarity yazo, izincibilikisi ze-polar zihlukaniswa njenge-protic noma i-aprotic, futhi izincibilikisi ze-nonpolar zihlukaniswa njengezingaphili noma ze-organic.
Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokuncibilikisa
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezincibilikisi, ngayinye enezakhiwo zayo ezithile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-solvents zihlanganisa:
- Amanzi: Amanzi yi-solvent ye-polar ekwazi ukuncibilikisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanganisela. Kubhekwa njenge-solvent ye-protic futhi ine-dielectric constant constant.
- I-Ethanol: I-Ethanol iyi-solvent ye-polar evame ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziphilayo namakhemikhali. Kubhekwa njenge-solvent ye-protic futhi ine-dielectric constant constant.
- I-acetone: I-acetone iyi-solvent ye-polar evame ukusetshenziswa elabhorethri. Kubhekwa njenge-solvent ye-aprotic futhi ine-dielectric constant constant.
- I-Hexane: I-Hexane iyi-solvent engapholi evame ukusetshenziswa kumakhemikhali aphilayo. Kuthathwa njenge-solvent ye-inorganic futhi ine-dielectric engaguquki.
- I-Chloroform: I-Chloroform iyi-solvent ye-polar evame ukusetshenziswa elabhorethri. Kubhekwa njenge-solvent ye-aprotic futhi ine-dielectric engaguquki.
Amacala Akhethekile: Izincibilikisi Eziyinkimbinkimbi
Ezinye izincibilikisi ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa kalula ngokuya nge-polarity yazo, i-dielectric constant, iphoyinti abilayo, noma iphoyinti elikhanyayo. Lawa ma-solvents afaka:
- Ushukela: Ushukela yizincibilikisi ze-polar ezikwazi ukuncibilikisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanganisela. Zibhekwa njengezincibilikisi ze-protic futhi zinezinga eliphezulu le-dielectric.
- I-Ionic Liquids: Uketshezi lwe-ionic yizincibilikisi ezishajwa ezikhona esimweni esiwuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa. Banohlu olukhulu lwamaphuzu abilayo futhi bayakwazi ukuhlakaza uhla olubanzi lwezinhlanganisela.
- I-Metal Complexes: I-Metal complexes yizincibilikisi eziqukethe isakhi sensimbi. Ziyakwazi ukuthwala amacala kagesi futhi zibhekwa njengezincibilikisi ze-polar.
I-Multicomponent Solvents: Ingxube Eyinkimbinkimbi Yezithako
Izinyibilikisi ze-Multicomponent ziwuhlobo lwe-solvent ehlanganisa ingxube yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezincibilikisi. Lezi zinyibilikisi zibuye zibizwe ngokuthi “izincibilikizi ezivamile” ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuncibilikisa izinhlobonhlobo zezingxube. Izincibilikisi ze-Multicomponent zenziwe ngamakhemikhali amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlanganiswe ndawonye ukuze enze isixazululo esisodwa. Ezinye izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zama-multicomponent solvents zihlanganisa:
- I-Acetate
- I-Xylene
- I-Toluene
- I-Ethanol
- I-Ethyl
- I-Butyl
- I-Acetone
- I-Cellosolve
- ohlabayo
Kwenzekani Lapho Izincibilikisi Ze-Multicomponent Zengezwa Ezintweni?
Lapho izinyibilikisi ze-multicomponent zengezwa ezintweni, izinto ezimbalwa zingenzeka kuye ngesimo:
- Uma into inyibilika ku-solvent, izoncibilika ngokufanayo futhi isatshalaliswe kuso sonke isixazululo.
- Uma into ingancibiliki ku-solvent, izokwakha isigaba esihlukile futhi ingasuswa ngokuhlunga noma ezinye izindlela.
- Uma i-substance yakha i-solvate ne-solvent, kwakheka isakhi esisha esinezici ezihlukile kunento yokuqala.
- Uma izinto ezingezwe ku-solvent ye-multicomponent zixhumana nomunye nomunye, ama-emulsion noma ezinye izingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi zingakha.
Yiziphi Ezinye Izicelo Zomhlaba Wangempela Zezinyibilikisi Ze-Multicomponent?
Ama-solvents amaningi anezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo embonini yamakhemikhali, kufaka phakathi:
- Amapende nama-coatings: Izinyibilikisi ze-Multicomponent zisetshenziswa njengezincibilikisi nezincibilikisi ekwakhekeni kopende nokumboza.
- Imithi: I-Multicomponent solvents isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imithi ukuze kuhlakazwe futhi kuhlanzwe izinhlanganisela.
- Imikhiqizo yokuhlanza: Izinyibilikisi ze-Multicomponent zisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yokuhlanza ukuncibilikisa nokususa ukungcola nokungcola.
- Isizinda sikawoyela negesi: Izinyibilikisi ezinama-Multicomponent zisetshenziswa ekukhishweni kukawoyela negesi kumadamu angaphansi komhlaba.
I-Multicomponent solvents iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yezithako ezinohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza emhlabeni wamakhemikhali. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zincibilikisi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi zisebenzisana kanjani nezinto ezahlukene kubalulekile kunoma ubani osebenza embonini yamakhemikhali.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, yilokho okuyi-solvent - into encibilikisa enye into. Izincibilikisi zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza, ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu, kanye nemikhiqizo yemithi, futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Awukwazi ukuzigwema, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi izici zezincibilikisi nokuthi zithinta kanjani izinto ezizungezile. Ngakho-ke, ungesabi ukuhlola umhlaba wezincibilikisi futhi ufunde kabanzi ngazo!
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
