Umoya Omhlophe: Ubuthi, Izakhiwo Zomzimba, nokuningi

I-White spirit (UK) noma i-mineral spirits (US), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-mineral turpentine, i-turpentine substitute, imimoya ye-petroleum, i-solvent i-naphtha (i-petroleum), i-varsol, i-Stoddard solvent, noma, ngokujwayelekile, “ukudweba thinner”, iwuketshezi oluphuma ku-petroleum olucacile, olusobala olusetshenziswa njengesincibilikisi esivamile sezinto eziphilayo ekupendeni nasekuhlobiseni.

Ingxube ye-aliphatic ne-alicyclic C7 kuya ku-C12 hydrocarbons, umoya omhlophe usetshenziswa njenge-solvent ekhishwayo, njenge-solvent yokuhlanza, njenge-solvent eqeda amafutha futhi njenge-solvent kuma-aerosols, amapende, ama-preservatives ezinkuni, ama-lacquers, ama-varnish, nemikhiqizo ye-asphalt.

Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi umoya omhlophe usetshenziswa kanjani futhi wabelane ngamathiphu okuphepha.

Yazi Izakhiwo Zomzimba Zomoya Omhlophe

Umoya omhlophe uwuketshezi olungenambala olungenalo iphunga. Lesi sakhiwo sikwenza kube i-solvent efanelekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya ukuncishiswa kopende, ukuhlanza, nokususa amafutha.

Ingxube Yamakhemikhali

Umoya omhlophe uyingxube yamakhemikhali aziwa ngokuthi ama-petroleum hydrocarbon. Ukwakheka okuqondile kwengxube kungahluka kuye ngohlobo kanye nebanga lomoya omhlophe.

Ukuminyana kanye Nesisindo

Ukuminyana komoya omhlophe cishe ku-0.8-0.9 g/cm³, okusho ukuthi ilula kunamanzi. Isisindo somoya omhlophe sincike kumthamo nobukhulu bawo.

Ukubilisa nokuguquguquka

Umoya omhlophe unendawo yokubilisa engu-140-200°C, okusho ukuthi uhwamuka ngokushesha ekamelweni lokushisa. Lesi sakhiwo sikwenza kube isincibilikis esiguquguqukayo esingaxubana kalula nomoya.

Izakhiwo ze-Molecular and Refractive

Umoya omhlophe unesisindo samangqamuzana angu-150-200 g/mol, okusho ukuthi i-molecule elula. Iphinde ibe ne-refractive index range of 1.4-1.5, okusho ukuthi ingagoba ukukhanya.

I-Viscosity kanye ne-Solubility

Umoya omhlophe une-viscosity ephansi, okusho ukuthi ugeleza kalula. Futhi iyi-solvent enhle yezinhlanganisela eziningi ze-organic, okuhlanganisa amafutha, amafutha, nama-resin.

Ukusabela nokusabela

Umoya omhlophe ngokuvamile uyikhemikhali ezinzile engahlangani nezinto eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ingasabela ngama-oxidizing agents aqinile, njenge-chlorine ne-bromine.

Imithetho YaseYurophu Nezomoya

E-Europe, umoya omhlophe ulawulwa yi-REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation. Iphinde ibe ngaphansi kwemithetho yokungcoliswa komoya ngenxa yesimo sayo esiguquguqukayo.

Umoya Omhlophe: I-Swiss Army Knife of Solvents

I-white spirit, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-mineral spirit, iyincibilikisi eguquguqukayo enezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo. Ezinye zezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zomoya omhlophe zihlanganisa:

• Njengomzimba omncane wopende osuselwa kuwoyela, ama-varnish, namawakisi.
• Njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza amabhulashi, amarola, namanye amathuluzi okupenda.
• Njenge-degreaser yezindawo zensimbi.
• Njengesithambisi soyinki wokuphrinta kanye namathoni omshini wokukopisha uketshezi.
• Embonini, isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza, ukususa amafutha, nokukhipha izinto.

Kungani i-White Spirit iyisixazululo esiphezulu sokuhlanza

Umoya omhlophe uyisisombululo esihle kakhulu sokuhlanza ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene:

• Kuyi-solvent enamandla engancibilika futhi isuse ngisho namabala nezinsalela ezinzima kakhulu.
• Ihwamuka ngokushesha, ingashiyi nsalela.
• Ayinazi futhi iphephile ukuthi isetshenziswe ezindaweni eziningi.
• Ayibizi futhi itholakala kabanzi.

Ungawusebenzisa Kanjani Umoya Omhlophe Ekuhlanzeni

Nawa amanye amathiphu okusebenzisa umoya omhlophe ukuze uhlanze:

• Ukuhlanza amabhulashi namanye amathuluzi okudweba, uthele inani elincane lomoya omhlophe esitsheni bese ucwilisa amathuluzi imizuzu embalwa. Bese, sebenzisa okokuhlanza ibhulashi noma insipho ukuze ususe noma iyiphi insalela esele.
• Ukuze unciphise izindawo zensimbi, sebenzisa umoya omncane omhlophe engutsheni ehlanzekile futhi usule ubuso buhlanzeke.
• Uma usebenzisa umoya omhlophe, hlala usebenza endaweni enomoya omuhle futhi gqoka amagilavu ​​ukuze uvikele isikhumba sakho.

Ubuthi Bomoya Omhlophe: Ukuqonda Izingozi

I-White spirit, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-mineral spirit noma i-Stoddard solvent, iyi-solvent evame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezimboni nezasendlini. Nakuba kuwumsebenzi wokuhlanza nowokususa amafutha, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubungozi bezempilo obungaba khona obuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwawo.

Ubuthi Acute

• Umoya omhlophe uthathwa njengento enobuthi ngenxa yobuthi bawo obukhulu, okusho ukuthi ungabangela imiphumela eyingozi ngemva kokuchayeka kanye.
• Ukungena komoya omhlophe kungaholela ekucindezelekeni kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, okuholela ekozeleni, ukuncipha kokuxhumana, futhi ekugcineni i-coma.
• Ukuhogela umoya omhlophe owuketshezi kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu wamaphaphu obizwa ngokuthi i-pneumonitis, okungenzeka uma uketshezi luhogelwa ngokuqondile emaphashini, isibonelo, ekuhogeleni ubuhlanzo ngemva kokugwinya umoya omhlophe.
• Ukuxhumana kwesikhumba nomoya omhlophe kungabangela ukucasuka kanye ne-dermatitis.

Ubuthi obungapheli

• Ubuthi obungapheli bubhekisela emiphumeleni eyingozi ebangelwa ukuchayeka okuphindaphindiwe noma isikhathi eside entweni isikhathi eside.
• Ukuchayeka emsebenzini komoya omhlophe kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezinkinga zempilo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinkinga zenhliziyo, izinkinga zenkumbulo nokugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nokwanda kokucasuka.
• Ucwaningo luye lwaphawula ukuthi abadwebi abasebenzisa umoya omhlophe isikhathi eside bangase babe sengcupheni yokuthuthukisa i-chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), isifo se-neurodegenerative esingaholela ekukhubazekeni nasekushintsheni ubuntu.
• I-Nordic Occupational Exposure Limit yomoya omhlophe isethwe ekuhlanganiseni okumaphakathi okungu-350 mg/m3 phakathi nosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, okubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kumoya omhlophe ogxile kakhulu kungaba yingozi empilweni yomuntu.

Ukuqapha Ukuphepha

• Ukuze unciphise ingozi yobuthi bomoya omhlophe, kubalulekile ukulandela izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho usebenzisa i-solvent.
• Sebenzisa umoya omhlophe ezindaweni ezinomoya omuhle noma izindawo ezivalekile ezinezinhlelo ezifanele zokungenisa umoya ukuze uvimbele ukuhogela kwe-solvent.
• Gqoka amagilavu ​​okuzivikela kanye nezingubo zokuvikela ukuthintana kwesikhumba nomoya omhlophe.
• Gwema ukugwinya umoya omhlophe, futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma ukugwinya noma ukulangazelela kuvela.
• Uma usebenza ngomoya omhlophe emsebenzini, landela imihlahlandlela yezempilo nezokuphepha ukuze unciphise ukuchayeka kanye nengozi yobuthi.

Ukusebenzisa Umoya Omhlophe Ovela Esitolo Se-DIY: Okufanele Ukwazi

Yebo, ungasebenzisa umoya omhlophe ovela esitolo se-DIY njengesinciphisi sopende noma isincibilikisi. Nokho, kunezinto ezithile okudingeka uzikhumbule ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.

Kungani Umoya Omhlophe Kungase Kungabi Ukukhetha Okungcono Kakhulu Kuwe

I-white spirit iyisincibilikisi esithandwayo esisetshenziselwa ukucolisa nokukhipha upende, ukupholisha nezinye izinto. Nokho, ingaba nephunga elinamandla elingabangela isiyezi noma isicanucanu. Ukwengeza, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kumoya omhlophe kungaholela ekuthinteni i-dermatitis, okwenza kube ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha ukusetshenziswa njalo.

Eminye Imikhiqizo Yokucatshangelwa

Uma ufuna ukugwema ama-downsides omoya omhlophe, kuneminye imikhiqizo okufanele uyicabangele. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:

• Mineral spirits: Ithathela indawo yomoya omhlophe ongenabuthi obuncane futhi onephunga elithambile.
• I-Turpentine: I-solvent yendabuko ecwengisiswe kakhulu futhi isetshenziswe ngokuyinhloko ekudwebeni kwamafutha. Yaziwa ngekhono layo elihle lokubhidliza upende nokupholisha.
• Izinyibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-citrus: Okunye okungokwemvelo okusha emakethe futhi kunconywe kakhulu ngochwepheshe. Iqukethe ingxube yezingxenye zekhasi le-citrus futhi iphephile ukuyisebenzisa kunezincibilikisi zendabuko.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwemikhiqizo Emhlophe kanye Neminye Imikhiqizo

Nakuba umoya omhlophe uyisinqumo esithandwayo kwabaningi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuyona ukuphela kwendlela etholakalayo. Nawu umehluko phakathi kwemimoya emhlophe neminye imikhiqizo:

• I-mineral spirits iyinketho ephephile yokusebenzisa njalo futhi inephunga elithambile.
• I-Turpentine icwengisiswe kakhulu futhi ijwayele ukusetshenziswa ekudwebeni kwamafutha, ngokungafani nomoya omhlophe osetshenziselwa izinto ezahlukahlukene.
• Izinyibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-citrus ziwumkhiqizo omusha onconywa kakhulu ngochwepheshe ngezindawo zawo zemvelo nezinzuzo zokuphepha.

Ukukhetha I-Solvent Elungile: I-White Spirit vs. Turpentine

Uma kukhulunywa ngezincibilikisi zokudweba uwoyela, umoya omhlophe ne-turpentine yizinqumo ezimbili ezivame kakhulu. Nakuba kokubili kungasiza ukufeza ukuvumelana okufanele futhi kuncibilikise izingcezu ezinzima zopende, kukhona umehluko obalulekile okufanele ucatshangelwe:

• Umoya omhlophe wenziwa nge-petroleum distillate, kuyilapho i-turpentine yenziwe ngenhlaka yemvelo ekhishwa ezihlahleni.
• Umoya omhlophe uthathwa njengophephile futhi unobuthi obuncane kune-turpentine, kodwa futhi awunawo amandla.
• I-Turpentine izwela kakhulu kumathuluzi ensimbi athambile futhi athile, kuyilapho umoya omhlophe uqinile futhi kulula ukuwuhlanza.
• Ukukhetha phakathi kwakho kokubili kuncike ezidingweni zakho kanye nezinga lokuzwela komsebenzi wakho.

Ukukhetha I-solvent Elungile Yomsebenzi Wakho

Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni phakathi kwe-white spirit ne-turpentine, kunezinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzicabangele:

• Uhlobo lukapende olisebenzisayo: Abanye opende badinga uhlobo oluthile lwesincibilikisi, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi ufunda imiyalelo yomkhiqizi ngokucophelela.
• Izinga lokuzwela komsebenzi wakho: Uma usebenza endaweni ethambile noma ethize, i-turpentine ingaba inketho engcono kakhulu. Uma usebenza endaweni eqinile noma okunzima ukuyifinyelela, umoya omhlophe ungase ube lula ukuwusebenzisa.
• Inqubo yokugcina: Umoya omhlophe ungagcinwa ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu, kuyilapho i-turpentine idinga ukubekwa endaweni eqinile neqondile ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo noma ukulimala komzimba.
• Ukutholakala emakethe: Umoya omhlophe uvame kakhulu futhi utholakala emakethe, kuyilapho i-turpentine ingase idinge umzamo owengeziwe ukuze uthole inguqulo ehlanzekile nebalulekile.
• Izidingo zokugcinwa nokusetshenziswa: I-white spirit kulula ukuyigcina nokusebenzisa, kuyilapho i-turpentine idinga inqubo nokusetshenziswa ngokucophelela.

Ukuvimbela Ukulimala Nokuzuza Umphumela Ophelele

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha siphi isincibilikisi, kunezinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule ukuze uvimbele umonakalo futhi uzuze umphumela ophelele:

• Hlola uhlobo nebanga le-solvent ngaphambi kokuyixuba nopende wakho.
• Sebenzisa inani elifanele le-solvent ukuze ufinyelele ukuvumelana okufanele.
• Qaphela uma usebenzisa i-solvent, njengoba ingathinta umphumela wokugcina.
• Hlanza amathuluzi akho kahle ngemva kokuwasebenzisa ukuze uvimbele noma yiziphi izingcezu zikapende ukuthi zingabambeki.
• Gcina isincibilikisi kude nanoma yimuphi umthombo wokushisa noma ilangabi ukuze uvimbele noma iyiphi ingozi yomlilo.

Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Uhlangana Nomoya Omhlophe

I-White spirit iyisincibilikisi esivamile esisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yabathengi njengamapende namavanisha. Uma uhlangane nomoya omhlophe ngephutha, nanka amathiphu ajwayelekile okufanele uwalandele:

• Zivikele ngokugqoka amagilavu, izibuko, kanye nemaski uma kungenzeka.
• Uma udle umoya omhlophe, ungakufuni ukuhlanza. Funa iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha.
• Uma uhogele umoya omhlophe, thuthela endaweni engenawo umoya futhi ufune iseluleko sezokwelapha uma uhlangabezana nemiphumela emibi empilweni.
• Uma umoya omhlophe uye wangcolisa izingubo zakho, susa izingubo bese ugeza ngensipho namanzi.
• Uma umoya omhlophe uthinta isikhumba sakho, geza indawo ethintekile ngensipho namanzi.
• Uma umoya omhlophe uhlangana namehlo akho, wachelela ngamanzi okungenani imizuzu engu-15 futhi ufune iseluleko sezokwelapha.

Ukuvezwa Emsebenzini

Labo abasebenza ngomoya omhlophe endaweni yobungcweti kufanele balandele izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe:

• Qiniseka ukuthi indawo inomoya omuhle futhi ugqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele.
• Qaphela imikhawulo yokuchayeka ephephile futhi uqinisekise ukuthi iyasetshenziswa endaweni yakho yokusebenza.
• Uma udlile noma uhogele umoya omhlophe, funa usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.
• Uma umoya omhlophe uye wangcolisa izingubo zakho, susa izingubo bese ugeza ngensipho namanzi.
• Uma umoya omhlophe uthinta isikhumba sakho, geza indawo ethintekile ngensipho namanzi.
• Uma umoya omhlophe uhlangana namehlo akho, wachelela ngamanzi okungenani imizuzu engu-15 futhi ufune iseluleko sezokwelapha.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, yilokho okushiwo umoya omhlophe - isincibilikisi esisekelwe ku-petroleum esisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokupenda. Yisibonelo esiphelele sento engeyona ingozi engaba yingozi uma isetshenziswe ngendlela engafanele. Ngakho-ke, qaphela futhi ujabule ngakho!

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.