Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12V | Momwe mungasankhire chida chabwino kwambiri kwa inu

Wolemba Joost Nusselder | Kusinthidwa pa:  June 7, 2021
Ndimakonda kupanga zinthu zaulere zodzaza ndi malingaliro kwa owerenga anga, inunso. Sindimavomereza ndalama zolipiridwa, malingaliro anga ndi anga, koma mukawona malingaliro anga akuthandizani ndipo mumatha kugula china chake chomwe mumakonda kudzera paulalo mwanga, nditha kupeza ntchito popanda mtengo wowonjezera kwa inu. Dziwani zambiri

Madalaivala amakhudzidwa amakhala ndi ziphuphu zomwe zimakankhira zowombazo mosavuta. Madalaivala amakhudza kwambiri ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pazida zamagetsi.

Mudzamva mawu akuti "brrr" ndi zotsatira dalaivala kuti simudzawona paliponse. Ndipo simudzasowanso kukakamiza owonjezera pamanja.

Madalaivala a Drill amatha kukhala ndi a screwdriver pang'ono kuti mwaukadaulo agwire ntchito yofanana ndi yoyendetsa galimoto. Koma monga ndanenera kale, muyenera kuchita khama kwambiri kuyendetsa zomangira kunyumba.

Koma ndi woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12V, zili ngati mpeni kudzera batala.

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12V wowunikiridwa

Zidzakhala zovuta komanso zosokoneza kudziwa woyendetsa wapamwamba kwambiri kuchokera pazambiri za izi malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna.

Ndasankha zinthu zamtengo wapatali komanso zotchuka pamsika kuti muchepetse zovuta zanu.

Chisankho changa chachikulu ndi  ichi BOSCH PS41-2A 12V Hex Impact driver Kit. Ndi mkhalidwe wabwino chida cha mphamvu kuti onse akatswiri ndi apanyumba DIY-ers azikonda. Zokwanira pazinthu zazikulu, zodalirika zokwanira pantchito yosamveka panyumba. Ili ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri wa batri komanso kapangidwe kake koyenera.

Pali zosankha zambiri, komabe, kuchokera pakusankha kwamaluso mpaka kumaliza zida zophatikizira. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe ndimakonda:

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12VImages
Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri 12v woyendetsa: BOSCH PS41-2A 12V Hex Impact Yoyendetsa KitZabwino kwambiri pantchito yopepuka- BOSCH PS41-2A 12V Hex Impact driver Kit

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri 12v woyendetsa ntchito yolemetsa: DEWALT 12V MAX Impact driverZabwino kwambiri pantchito yolemera- DEWALT 12V MAX Impact driver

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito 12v driver driver: RIDGID R9000 12V Kubowola / Kuyendetsa ndi Impact KitYosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito- RIDGID R9000 12V Drill: driver and Impact Kit

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera 12v driver driver: MILWAUKEE'S 2462-20 M12 Lithium-Ion Wopanda Impact driverMoyo woyendetsa bwino wa batri 12v woyendetsa: MILWAUKEE'S 2462-20 M12 Lithium-Ion Cordless Impact Driver (onani zithunzi zambiri)
Phukusi labwino kwambiri loyendetsa dalaivala: Kuphatikiza kopanda zingwe kwa MILWAUKEE's 2494-22 M12Dalaivala woyendetsa bwino kwambiri + phukusi lophatikiza- MILWAUKEE'S 2494-22 M12 Opanda zingwe

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito nyumba: Zida za JCB 12V Chida Cha MphamvuWoyendetsa bwino kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito nyumba- Zida za JCB 12V Power Tool Kit

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wopepuka wa 12v: Makita DT03R1 12V Max CXTMakina DT12R03 1V Max CXT

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zinthu zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana pa driver wa 12v

Woyendetsa galimoto ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pantchito zapakhomo ndi akatswiri.

Kuti mupeze zoyendetsa zabwino kwambiri pazanu, Nazi zinthu zomwe muyenera kulingalira.

Maupangiri abwino kwambiri oyendetsera galimoto 12v

Njinga

Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iwiri yama motors imapezeka pamayendedwe oyendetsa: ma motors opanda brush ndi mwachizolowezi. Ma motors wamba ndi otsika mtengo koma amawotcha mosavuta komanso amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Ma brushless, kumbali ina, amakhala ndi luso labwino komanso makokedwe zomwe sizimapanga kutentha kwakukulu. Kwa ntchito zolemetsa, imodzi mwamagalimoto yopanda brushless ndiyabwino.

Mtundu Wabatiri

Madalaivala ambiri amakhudzidwa ndi lithiamu-ion kapena Ndi-cd mabatire. Ngakhale mabatire a Nickel-Cadmium ndi olemera pang'ono ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndi ofala komanso otchipa.

koma Lithiamu-ion mabatire ali ndi mphamvu yabwino ndipo ndi opepuka komanso ochepa. Kwa moyo wautali wa batri, mabatire a lithiamu-ion amakondedwa kwambiri.

mphamvu

Mabatire oyendetsa ambiri amakhudzidwa ali ndi mphamvu ya 2-4 ah. Pogwira ntchito zapakhomo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito batri ya 2ah popeza ndiyopepuka komanso yotha kukwanitsidwanso kwakanthawi kochepa.

Ma batri a 4 ah ndi olemera pang'ono komanso okulirapo, koma ndiabwino kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali osachira pafupipafupi.

Technology

Mabatire ena amakhala ndi machitidwe anzeru omwe amalumikizana ndi zida zina zonse monga nzeru za RedLink.

Tekinoloje yamtunduwu imalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso akatswiri pantchito kuti azisungabe batri.

Mabatire ena amabwera ndi chizindikiritso cha batri chomwe ndichofunikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito akatswiri.

magetsi LED

LED magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuunikira workpiece. Izi mwina zili kumtunda kwa choyambitsa kapena kuzungulira chotchinga.

Makonzedwe oyandikira ndi abwinoko ngati muli ndi batire loyenera chifukwa limapangitsa kuyatsa bwino.

Thupi

Pali mitundu iwiri ya chisisi cha zoyendetsa zomwe zimapezeka pamsika: Imodzi ndi thupi lathunthu la pulasitiki ndipo inayo imabwera ndi magawo azitsulo kapena pang'ono pang'ono.

Ma pulasitiki athunthu ndi osavuta kunyamula komanso abwinoko pazinthu zopepuka. Thupi laling'ono lazitsulo limalemera pang'ono koma limakhala lolimba lomwe lingagwire ntchito zolemetsa komanso akatswiri.

mphamvu

Ma torque oyendetsa galimoto ali mkati mwa 100-200 nm kapena 1800 in.-lbs ndi kusintha kwa 1500-2700 rpm. Chulukitsani torque yovotera ndi rev rate yake, ndipo mupeza mphamvu yotulutsa.

Woyendetsa wamphamvu wamagetsi ndi bwino kumagwira ntchito zolemetsa komanso zamaluso monga kuboola makoma kapena zomangira zolimbitsa.

liwiro

Nthawi zambiri, madalaivala okhudzidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumangiriza zomangira zazitali ndi ma bolt owonda. Pachifukwa ichi, kusinthika kwabwinoko, kumakuthandizaninso mosasamala kanthu za torque.

Nthawi zambiri, rpm pakati pa 2500-3000 yokhala ndi kanyumba kakang'ono ka 800-1000 mkati.-lbs ndizokwanira kuchita izi bwino.

chonyamulira

Madalaivala okhudzidwa amabwera ndi bokosi la pulasitiki kapena thumba lonyamula lonyamula kuti anyamuleko zoyendetsa mozungulira.

Ubwino wa matumba ovala ndikuti ndiwokulirapo ndipo amakulolani kunyamula zida zonse pamodzi ndi zida zina.

Mabokosi apulasitiki, komano, onetsetsani kuti zida zake ndizosungika bwino. Ngakhale simungathe kunyamula zida zina zokhudzana ndi izi.

chitsimikizo

Mitundu ina imapereka chitsimikizo cha zida zonse pomwe ena amangopereka chitsimikizo cha magawowo. Ndibwino ngati mungapeze mtundu womwe umapereka chitsimikizo cha zaka 2-3 kwa zida zonse.

Madalaivala abwino kwambiri a 12v pamsika

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone zina mwanjira zomwe ndimakonda. Nchiyani chimapangitsa madalaivala amtunduwu kukhala abwino kwambiri?

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12v driver: BOSCH PS41-2A 12V Hex Impact Driver Kit

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12v driver- BOSCH PS41-2A 12V Hex Impact driver Kit wathunthu wathunthu

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Ndi thupi lolemera ma lbs 2.1 okha komanso lalifupi kwambiri pamutu, woyendetsa uyu wa Bosch PS41-2A amadziwika kwambiri pamsika.

Mutha kugwira izi osatopa chifukwa chochepa thupi. Thupi laling'ono modabwitsa limakupatsaninso mwayi wogwira ntchito m'malo othinana.

Ngakhale kukhala mota wa brashi, mota iyi imatha kupanga 930 in.-lbs makokedwe osinthira 2600 rpm.

Kwa mphamvu yayikulu, Bosch adaphatikiza ndi chimbudzi ndi nyundo yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya ntchito zapakhomo monga zomangira zomangira, kubowola pang'ono, pakati pa ena.

Dalaivala wothandizirayu amabwera ndi mafuta oyikirapo omwe amachititsa kuti dalaivala azigwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu. Chikwamacho chimabwera ndi mabatire awiri oyeneranso.

zovuta

  • Mtundu wopanga wa mphete yowunikira siolimba kwambiri.

Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri 12v woyendetsa ntchito yolemetsa: DEWALT 12V MAX Impact driver

Zabwino kwambiri pantchito yolemera- DEWALT 12V MAX Impact driver

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Ngakhale dalaivala wa DEWALT DCF815S2 ali ndi mota yopukutidwa, imatha kupereka 0-2450 RPM ndi 0-3400 IPM yokhala ndi 1400 in--lbs of torque.

Mphamvu yayikuluyi imakupatsani mwayi woti mugwire ntchito zamtundu uliwonse, kuyambira zopepuka mpaka zolemetsa monga kubowola, zomangira, zomangira, zomangira, zitsulo, matabwa, ndi zina zambiri. kugwiritsa ntchito chowongolera kunja kwa equation.

Ilinso ndi liwiro losinthika lomwe limagwira ntchito zolemetsa komanso zosavuta. Batiri la 1.1 Ah limabwezeretsanso mkati mwa ola limodzi ndikuthandizira kugwira ntchito maola ambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chida chabwino kwambiri kwa akatswiri.

Imakhalanso ndi magetsi oyenda mwamphamvu a LED omwe amapangitsa kuti ikhale chida chabwino kugwiritsa ntchito panthawi yopepuka.

Thupi lolimba, lolimba komanso lopepuka lopangidwa ndi chitsulo lomwe limangolemera ma lbs 2.3 limapangitsa kuti izi ziziyenda bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi komanso akatswiri.

Kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe olimba zimapangitsa kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zokongola kwambiri pamsika.

zovuta

  • Batire siliphatikizapo gauge yamafuta.

Onani mitengo ndi kupezeka apa

Yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito 12v driver driver: RIDGID R9000 12V Drill / Driver and Impact Kit

Yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito- RIDGID R9000 12V Drill-Driver ndi Impact Kit yathunthu

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Ndi thupi lama 6.69 lbs woyendetsa Ridgid ameneyu adadziwika kwambiri pamsika.

Galimotoyo ndi yamphamvu kwambiri ndipo imatha kupanga mainchesi 400 pa mapaundi okwanira pantchito zaukadaulo, zogwirira ntchito zamagalimoto, zitsulo, ndi zina zambiri.

Dalaivala wothandizirayu amagwira ntchito ndi batri la 1.5 Ah Lithium ion lomwe limaphatikizidwapo. Kutulutsa koyenera kumalepheretsa mota ndi batri kuti zisatenthedwe.

Izi ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ngati zidutswa ndipo ziwalo zimatha kusinthidwa ndi njira yosavuta yochotsera. Mgwirizano wa Hex womata umakulolani kuti mugwire woyendetsa mosasamala kanthu kuti dzanja lanu ndi loterera kapena thukuta.

Muthanso kusungitsa dalaivalayu mbali zonse za lamba pogwiritsa ntchito chojambula chosintha chomwe chimachepetsa kuvutikira pantchito yovuta.

zovuta

  • Palibe chitsimikizo chopezeka pamalonda.

Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano

Njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera 12v driver driver: MILWAUKEE'S 2462-20 M12 Lithium-Ion Cordless Impact Driver

Njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera 12v driver driver: MILWAUKEE'S 2462-20 M12 Lithium-Ion Cordless Impact Driver

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Dalaivala uyu wa Milwaukee 2462-20 M12 amabwera ndi mota wolimba komanso wocheperako.

Galimotoyi imatha kupanga 2500 RPM ndi makokedwe a 1000 in.-lbs, omwe ndiabwino pazinthu zopepuka komanso zolemetsa monga zomangira zomangira, kuboola konkriti, zitsulo, magalimoto, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuphatikizidwa kwa makina okonza mabatire a Redlithium kumapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazoyendetsa pamsika. Njirayi imasunga kutentha kwa batri popanga kulumikizana pakati pa batri ndi driver.

Zotsatira zake, batiri limakhalabe labwino ndipo limakhala lalitali kwambiri.

Thupi lopangidwa ndi chitsulo kwambiri limapangitsa kuti zikhale zopepuka mopepuka, zolimba komanso zolimba. Simudzakhala ndi kutopa kapena kupweteka kwamtundu uliwonse kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa thupi limangolemera ma lbs 1.37 okha.

Muthanso kusunga makina ophatikizidwa ndi lamba wanu pogwiritsa ntchito kopanira lamba wa ambidextrous womwe umapereka mwayi wofulumira komanso wosavuta.

zovuta

  • Palibe mabatire omwe aperekedwa mu chidacho.
  • Kuwala kwamodzi kwa LED sikokwanira kuti kuunikira malo ogwirira ntchito moyenera.
  • Palibe chikwama chonyamula chomwe chaperekedwa.

Onani mitengo ndi kupezeka apa

Phukusi labwino kwambiri loyendetsa dalaivala +: MILWAUKEE'S 2494-22 M12 Cordless Combination

Dalaivala woyendetsa bwino kwambiri + phukusi lophatikiza- MILWAUKEE'S 2494-22 M12 Opanda zingwe

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Zogulitsa zochepa kwambiri pamsika zimakhala ndi makina anzeru osamalira mabatire ngati driver wa Milwaukee 2494-22 M12.

Dongosolo lanzeru la RedLink li-ion limayendetsa bwino momwe zimayendera kuchokera ku batri komwe kumatsutsana ndi zomwe woyendetsa amatentha nazo. Mabatire awa amawonetsanso mphamvu yotsala kudzera pa gauge yamafuta.

Galimoto yamphamvu imatha kupanga ma in-lbs makokedwe a 1000 okhala ndi 2500 rpm yomwe ikuyenda bwino yomwe ili yabwino kwa mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito zolemetsa monga kuboola pang'ono kudzera mu konkriti ndi miyala, kulumikiza zitsulo, kugwira ntchito kwamagalimoto, ndi zina zambiri.

Ikuthandizani kuti muzitha kuyendetsa liwiro m'malo 20 ophatikizira.

Simuyenera kuda nkhawa za dzanja loterera kapena thukuta la kanjedza mwina chifukwa chogwirizira cholimba chimakuthandizani kuti mugwirizane ndi driver. Muthanso kupachika dalaivalayu pogwiritsa ntchito kopanira wachitsulo kuti mufikire mwachangu.

Imabweranso ndi chikwama chachikulu chonyamula chovala chomwe chimapangitsa kunyamula kulikonse kosavuta.

zovuta

  • Kuwala kamodzi kokha sikuli kokwanira kuti kuunikire bwino.
  • Thupi la pulasitiki limawoneka lofooka komanso lofooka.

Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito nyumba: Zida za JCB Zida 12V Power Tool

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito nyumba- Zida za JCB 12V Power Tool zida m'manja

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Chida ichi cha JCB chimabwera ndi driver wa JCB-12TPK-15 komanso driver driver ndi torque ya 90Nm yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino pazitsulo, kulumikiza zitsulo, kuboola pang'ono, ndi zina zambiri.

Katunduyu amalemera mapaundi 5.49 okha ndipo amabwera ndi mabatire a 1.5 Ah Li-ion ndi batire ya 12V. Mabatire a Li-ion amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yopanda mphamvu imatha kulowetsedwa mwachangu kuti izichita bwino kwambiri.

Dalaivala wokhudzidwayo amabwera mu zida zomwe zimaphatikizapo charger yofananira, batri, ndi chuck yochotseka yomwe ingasinthidwe mosavuta.

Pamwamba pazinthu zonsezi, JCB imaperekanso chaka chimodzi kubwerera kutsimikizika kuti muwonetsetse kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchitoyo.

zovuta

  • Kulemera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina.

Onani mitengo ndi kupezeka apa

Woyendetsa woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wa 12v: Makita DT03R1 12V Max CXT

Woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wopepuka wa 12v- Makita DT03R1 12V Max CXT wayimirira

(onani zithunzi zambiri)

Zabwino kwambiri

Makita DT03Z oyendetsa opanda zingwe amathandizidwa ndi li-ion batri yama 2 Ah amakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito driver kwa nthawi yoposa ola limodzi.

Makita alinso ndi 4 Ah ma batri osiyanasiyana ogwiritsa ntchito akatswiri. Kuphatikizidwa kwa dera loteteza mabatire kumatsutsana pakuyenda kwamakono ndikusunga batire ndi driver.

Ili ndi kusintha kwa 2600 rpm yokhala ndi makokedwe a 970 in-lbs omwe ndi otsika pang'ono, koma okwanira kupotokola zomangira zazitali, kuboola pang'ono, kulumikiza pang'ono, etc. Zimaperekanso liwiro losinthika.

Mabatire ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso opepuka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chipangizocho chikhale cholemera ma lbs 2.3 okha omwe amalola kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali osatopa.

Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito chida ichi m'chiuno mwanu mwamphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo.

zovuta

  • Chogwirira si choyenera kutuluka thukuta kapena poterera.
  • Mtundu wopanga thupi umawoneka wotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi omwe akupikisana nawo.
  • Chikwamacho sichiphatikizapo charger ndi mabatire.

Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano

Ma FAQ 12v amathandizira madalaivala

Kodi kubowola titha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma driver oyendetsa?

Ayi, zovuta zama driver zimakonda kukhala hex shank ndipo kukula kwake ndikotsimikiza. Chifukwa chake, pali ma bits osiyanasiyana amtundu woyendetsa pamsika.

Simungathe kugwiritsa ntchito zokoola molunjika pamadalaivala okhudzidwa pokhapokha mutagwiritsa ntchito adapter yoyenera yomwe imakhala ndi mbali zonse ziwiri. A maginito bit holder ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri.

Kodi njinga yamoto yabwinobwino imatha kusinthana ndi brushless?

Ndikosatheka kusintha njinga yamoto mwachizolowezi ndi brushless. Izi ndichifukwa choti ma mota opanda brushless amakhala ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana ndi zofunika pa batri.

Chifukwa chake, woyendetsa sangagwirizane ndi brushlessyo kapena amafanana ndi zofunikira za mota woyikiratu.

Kodi clamp ya shank imasinthasintha kuti izikhala ndi ziboda zokulirapo?

Simungasinthe achepetsa kapena kukula kwa achepetsa.

Koma mutha kugula ma adapter pamsika. Ndi zitsulo zamagetsi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ¼ inchi mu kachingwe ka inchi.

Kodi ma driver angakhudze m'malo mwa ma drill amagetsi?

Ma drill amagetsi adapangidwa kuti apange mabowo pamakoma a konkriti, nkhalango, zitsulo zosakhala zachitsulo, ndi zinthu zina zolimba. Ngakhale oyendetsa amagetsi adapangidwa kuti azimangirira zinthu zachitsulo ndi matabwa.

Madalaivala amakhudzidwa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabowolo ochepa koma sagwira ntchito pazinthu zolimba komanso kubowolera kwamagetsi.

Mawu omaliza

Madalaivala a 12V Impact amabwera ndi kunyamula bwino, kapangidwe kopepuka, komanso mphamvu zotulutsa zabwino. Koma pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe omwe amagwirizana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Madalaivala a Impact a Bosch PS41-2A ndi Ridgid R82230N ndiabwino kwambiri pantchito zopepuka chifukwa chakuyenda bwino ndi kapangidwe kolimba komanso kophatikizana.

Mulinso ma mota opukutidwa ndipo ndiabwino pamitundu yonse yantchito zapakhomo monga zomangira zolimbitsa, kuboola pang'ono, zolimba zomangirira, ndi zina zambiri.

Ngati mukufuna dalaivala yaying'ono, yolemetsa kwambiri komanso yothandiza, ndiye kuti DEWALT DCF815S2 ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri kwa inu. Galimotoyo imapanga 1400 in.-lbs zomwe ndizokwanira pazitsulo, galimoto, ndi konkire.

Kuphatikiza apo, ngati muli ndi makokedwe komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, ndiye kuti mota wopanda brush ungakhale woyenera kwambiri pantchito yanu.

Onaninso positi changa ndikuwunika zikwatu zapamwamba kwambiri za 7 zowuma pamsika

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.