Irabha yeNdalo: Iipropati, iMveliso, kunye nokuSetyenziswa okucacisiweyo

Irabha yendalo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yirabha yaseIndiya okanye i-caoutchouc, njengoko iveliswa ekuqaleni, iqulathe iipolima ze-organic compound isoprene, enobumdaka obuncinci bezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo kunye namanzi.

Okwangoku, irabha ivunwa ikakhulu ngohlobo lwe latex kwimithi ethile. I-latex yi-colloid encangathi, enobisi etsalwa ngokwenza amaxolo exolo kwaye iqokelele ulwelo olukwimikhumbi ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba “yitephu”.

Kweli nqaku, ndiza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga nale nto iguquguqukayo.

Ukwazi Irabha yeNdalo

Irabha yendalo luhlobo lwepolymer oluveliswa zizityalo ezithile. Yimpahla ekhethekileyo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimveliso zemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumathayi ukuya kwiiglavu ukuya kwi-insulation yombane. Irabha yenziwe ngamatyathanga amade eemolekyuli ezibizwa ngokuba ziipolymers, ezidityaniswe ziikhompawundi ezincinci zebhayoloji.

Yenziwa njani irabha yeNdalo?

Emva kokuba i-sap iqokelelwe, ixutywe namanzi ukwenza umxube ogqithiswa kuluhlu lwezikrini ukususa naziphi na iinqununu ezingaphezulu. Umxube uye womiswe kwaye ugqithwe kwisigaba sombane oqinileyo ukwenza imveliso yokugqibela.

Zeziphi ezinye iindidi ezizezinye zeRubha?

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zerabha ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yemihla ngemihla. Ezinye zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu ziquka irabha yokwenziwa, eveliswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunerabha yendalo, kunye nerabha yomthi, eyenziwa ngokuxobula amaxolo kwiintlobo ezithile zemithi.

Loluphi uPhando Olwenziwayo kwiRabha yeNdalo?

Kukho uphando oluqhubekayo olwenziwa kwirubha yendalo ukuphucula iimpawu zayo kunye nokufumana iindlela ezintsha zokuyisebenzisa. Eminye yemimandla yophando ibandakanya ukufumana iindlela zokunyusa amanqanaba emveliso, ukuphuhlisa iindidi ezintsha zerabha ezineempawu ezizodwa, kunye nokufumana ezinye iindlela zokuvelisa irabha.

Yintoni Eyenza Irabha Yahluke Kangaka?

Irabha isetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya:

• Amatayara: I-Rubber iyinxalenye ephambili kwimveliso yamavili, inika amandla ayimfuneko kunye nokuguquguquka kokumelana neemfuno zendlela.

• Umgangatho kunye nophahla: Umgangatho werabha kunye nophahla luhlala luhlala kwaye luxhathisa amanzi kunye nezinye iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

• Iimveliso zonyango: Irabha yeLatex isetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zonyango, kubandakanya iiglavu kunye netyhubhu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni kwi-allergies kunye nokungcola, iirubha zokwenziwa zisetyenziswa rhoqo.

• Iibhayisikili: I-Rubber isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamavili ebhayisikili kunye neetyhubhu, ukubonelela ukubamba okufunekayo kunye nokuguquguquka kokumelana neemfuno zendlela.

• I-Insulation: I-Rubber yinto esebenzayo yokugquma, inika ukuchasana nokushisa okukhulu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

• Iigesi, imibhobho, kunye neziqhagamshelo: Irabha isetyenziselwa ukwenza iinxalenye zesiko kunye nezincedisi, kubandakanywa iigaskets, imibhobho, kunye nezihlanganisi.

• Elastomers: Irabha isetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zeelastomers, ezizizixhobo ezifana nerabha ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kuluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso.

Ukusetyenziswa kwerabha kuyahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwerabha eveliswayo kunye neempawu ezithile ezibonisayo. Nangona kunjalo, inye into eqinisekileyo: irabha yinto ephambili ebalulekileyo ekudalweni kweemveliso ezininzi esizisebenzisa yonke imihla.

Imbali ye-Opulent yeRubha

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Irabha inembali ende netyebileyo esukela emva kwiinkcubeko zemveli zaseMesoamerica. Ubungqina bokuqala bezinto zakudala bokusetyenziswa kwe-latex yendalo evela kumthi we-Hevea buvela kwinkcubeko ye-Olmec, apho irabha yaqala ukusetyenziswa ukwenza iibhola ze-ballgame yaseMesoamerican.

Ukufika kwabaseYurophu kunye noTshintsho loShishino lweRubber

Ukufika kwabantu baseYurophu kuMzantsi Merika, bafumanisa ukuba abemi bomthonyama babesebenzisa irabha ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukwenza izihlangu nempahla. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube yinkulungwane ye-19 apho imveliso yerabha yaba yinto ebalulekileyo yehlabathi lonke.

Owona Mthombo weRubber

Owona mthombo werabha yendalo ngumthi weHevea, ophuma kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseMzantsi Melika. Namhlanje, iThailand ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu werabha yendalo, ilandelwa yi-Indonesia, iVietnam, kunye neIndiya.

Imveliso esetyenziswa ngokubanzi

Irabha ngoku yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi, kunye neetoni zeemveliso zerabha kwimarike. Ezinye zeemveliso zerabha ezixhaphakileyo ziquka:

• Amatayara eemoto, iilori, neebhayisekile
• Iiglavu zerabha ngeenjongo zonyango kunye nokuphatha ukutya
• Iibhanti zeerabha zokubamba izinto kunye
• Iimpawu zerabha zokuthintela ukuvuza kwimibhobho kunye nezinye izixhobo

Ukubaluleka Kwerabha kuBomi Bethu

I-Rubber iyimveliso ebalulekileyo esetyenziswe ngamadoda ngamawaka eminyaka. Idlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwehlabathi lethu lanamhlanje kwaye iyaqhubeka iyinto ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi.

Ubuchule beMveliso yeRabha yeNdalo

• Irabha yendalo iveliswa ngokukhupha incindi elulwelo ebizwa ngokuba yilatex kwiintlobo ezithile zemithi, ubukhulu becala iHevea brasiliensis tree.
• Lo mthi ukhula kuphela eMzantsi Melika, ngakumbi eBrazil, kodwa ngoku ulinywa naseAsia.
• Umthi ungakhula ube yi-30 yeemitha ukuphakama kwaye ufuna imeko ethile ye-atmospheri kunye nokufuma okuphezulu kunye nonikezelo lwe-carbon dioxide ukuxhasa ukukhula kwawo.
• I-latex ifunyanwa ngokwenza amaxolo kwixolo lomthi, kwaye incindi ephumayo iqokelelwa kwizikhongozeli ezincanyathiselwe emthini.
• Incindi ixabiseke kakhulu kwaye ifuna ukulinganiselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukubonelelwa ngendlela efanayo.

Inkqubo yokudibanisa

• I-latex efunyenwe kumthi we-rubber iqulethe into ebizwa ngokuba yirabha, eyona nto isebenzayo ekuveliseni irabha yendalo.
• Inkqubo ye-coagulation iqala ngokugalela iasidi kwi-latex, ethi iyityebe kwaye ibangele ukuba irabha yahlukane nolwelo.
• Umxube obangelwayo uye womiswa ukususa amanzi angaphezulu, kwaye i-sap eyomileyo inqunyulwe ngamashiti amancinci.
• Inkqubo yokusika iyenzeka kwindawo eshushu, ekhokelela ngokubanzi kwirubha esemgangathweni kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu.
• Amaphepha erabha omisiwe alungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuvuna kwizityalo zasendle

• Ngelixa uninzi lwelatex yemveliso yerabha isuka kwimithi elinywayo yeHevea brasiliensis, kukho ngaphezu kwe-2,500 yeentlobo zezityalo ezivelisa i-latex, kubandakanya nezityalo zasendle.
• Inkqubo yokukhupha i-latex kwizityalo zasendle ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwa ngesandla kwaye ifuna iinzame ezinzima ngenxa yamahlamvu amanzi kunye ne-herbaceous.
• Irabha evela kwizityalo zasendle ayifani naleyo ifumaneka kwimithi elinyiweyo.

Ukubaluleka kokumiselwa komgangatho

• Ukuqinisekisa unikezelo olufanayo lwerabha ekumgangatho ophezulu, iinzame zenziwe ukulungelelanisa inkqubo yokuvelisa.
• Oku kubandakanya uthotho lwamanyathelo, kuquka ukulinywa nokukhuliswa kwemithi yerabha kwindawo ethile, ukuvunwa kwelatex, kunye nenkqubo yokudibanisa nokomisa.
• Iinzame zokulinganisa zinceda ukuququzelela ukuthathwa kwezinto eziyimfuneko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa ngokulinganayo kwerabha yendalo.

Umthi weRubber: Ngaphezulu nje koMthombo weRubha

• Umthi werabha, okwaziwa njenge Hevea brasiliensis, luhlobo lwesityalo sosapho lwe spurge Euphorbiaceae.
• Isuka eMzantsi Melika, ngakumbi kwingingqi yeAmazon eBrazil, apho yayisetyenziswa ngabantu bomthonyama ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
• Umthi sisityalo setropikhi esinokukhula sifike kwi-100 ubude kwaye sinegqabi elinye elinokufikelela kwi-intshi ezili-16 ubude.
• Ivelisa incindi yobisi okanye i-latex equlethe indibaniselwano yamanzi, iswekile, kunye nezinto ezinwebeka kakhulu.

Ukuveliswa kweRubha kuMthi weRubha

• I-latex sap yomthi werabha ngowona mthombo oyintloko werabha yendalo.
• Incindi iqokelelwa ngokwenza amaxolo amancinane kwixolo lomthi kwaye ivumela ilatex ukuba iphumele kwisikhongozeli.
• Incindi iyajiya xa ibonakaliswe emoyeni, yenze into eqinileyo enokwahlulwa kulwelo.
• Izinto eziqinileyo ziyahlanjwa zomiswe ukuze kuveliswe irabha ekrwada.
• Amasimi erabha, ikakhulu akuMzantsi-mpuma Asia nasentshona Afrika, alima umthi werabha ukuze uvelise urhwebo.

Olunye Usetyenziso Lomthi Werabha

• Umthi werabha awusebenzi nje kuphela kwincindi yayo yelatex kodwa nakwimithi yawo, esetyenziselwa ifanitshala nokwakha.
• Lo mthi waziwa ngokwamayeza, njengoko amanye amayeza esintu esebenzisa amaxolo namagqabi ukunyanga izifo ezohlukeneyo.
• Umthi werabha ukwangumthombo wokutya, njengoko incindi yelatex ineswekile enokuvundiswa ukuze ivelise isiselo esinxilisayo.
• Ukongezelela, umthi werabha unxulumene nezinye izityalo ezikusapho lwe-Euphorbiaceae, njengedandelion kunye nepoinsettia (isityalo esithandwayo seKrismesi), ekwanencindi yobisi ejiyileyo ejijayo xa ibekwe emoyeni.

Ukuphonononga ihlabathi leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeRubha

Xa sicinga ngerabha, sihlala sicinga ngemo yendalo evela kwincindi yemithi yerabha. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeerabha zendalo, nganye ineempawu zayo kunye neempawu zayo. Nazi ezimbalwa zezona zixhaphakileyo:

• Amazonian Rubber: Oludidi lusuka kumthi we Hevea brasiliensis, inzalelwane yase Amazon. Iyaziwa ngokuba ne-elasticity ephezulu kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamatayara kunye nezinye iimveliso zorhwebo.
• Irabha yaseCongo: Olu hlobo luvela kumthi weLandolphia, ofumaneka kummandla waseCongo eAfrika. Ino-elasticity esezantsi kunezinye iirubha zendalo kodwa ixatyiswe ngokuqina kwayo kunye nokumelana nokutshintsha kobushushu.
• Irabha yeDandelion: Oludidi luveliswa kwiingcambu zesityalo saseRussia sedandelion. Nangona ingasetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinye iirubha zendalo, ifumana ukuthandwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhuliswa kwiindawo ezibandayo kunye namandla ayo okuvelisa imveliso ezinzileyo.

Ukuvelisa irabha ekrwada

Nokuba luhlobo luni na, yonke irabha iqala njenge latex engamanzi evunwa kwizityalo. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni xa usenza irabha ekrwada:

• I-latex kufuneka iqokelelwe ngononophelo ukuphepha ukungcola kunye nomonakalo emthini.
• Yakuba iqokelelwe, i-latex iyadityaniswa yenze irabha eqinileyo.
• Irabha eqinileyo iyahlanjwa yomiswe ukuze kususwe nakuphi na ukungcola okuseleyo.

Nokuba usebenza ngerabha yendalo okanye eyenziweyo, ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nendlela eziveliswa ngayo ngundoqo ekudaleni iimveliso zerabha ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Kaninzi Ukusetyenziswa kweRubha: Ukusuka kwiTayara ukuya kwiZixhobo zoNyango

Irabha iyinto exabisekileyo kwishishini lezothutho. Inikezela ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokumelana nokukhuhlana, iyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kumatayara, amabhanti okuhambisa, impompo kunye nokuphathwa kwemibhobho, kunye nezindlu zemoto. Ukunyathela kwamavili emoto kwenziwe ngerabha ukubonelela ukuhamba kakuhle endleleni. Irabha ikwasetyenziswa ekwenzeni iinqwelomoya kunye namatayara emoto, inika ukuphathwa okuthembekileyo kunye nokuba bhetyebhetye.

Izinto zeMidlalo

Irabha ikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni iibhola kwimidlalo eyahlukeneyo. Ukumelana ne-abrasion yemathiriyeli kunye nokuthamba okuthambileyo kuyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwi-basketball, iibhola zesoka, kunye nezinye iibhola zemidlalo. Iirola zerabha nazo zisetyenziswa kushishino lokushicilela ukwenza imizobo enomtsalane ephepheni.

Izixhobo zonyango kunye noNyango

Irabha iyinto exabisekileyo kwishishini lezonyango. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zonyango kunye nezotyando ezifana neeglavu zotyando, iingubo zokugquma, kunye neebhutsi ezibunjiweyo. Ukuguquguquka kwezinto kunye nokuchasana ne-abrasion kwenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango. Irabha yokwenziwa isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweepacifiers kunye nezinye iimveliso zonyango.

Usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso

Irabha ikwasetyenziswa ekwenzeni iindawo zombane, inika ukuxhathisa kombane okuphezulu. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamabhanti okuhambisa, impompo kunye nokuphathwa kwemibhobho, kunye nezindlu zezithuthi. Ukuchasana kwezinto eziphathekayo kwi-abrasion kwenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zoshishino.

Olunye Usetyenziso

Irabha yimathiriyeli eguquguqukayo kakhulu enika inani elikhulu losetyenziso. Olunye usetyenziso olongezelelweyo lwerabha lubandakanya:

• Ukulenyaza kunye necrepe enganyangekiyo yokwenziwa kweemveliso zerabha ezichetyiweyo
• Izinto ezixabisekileyo zophando kunye nophuhliso lwemathiriyeli emitsha
• Ukongeza okanye ukususa imathiriyeli ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha zerabha ezineempawu ezongezelelweyo
• Ulwelo olunobisi olufunyenwe kwiinqanawa zelatex okanye iiseli zisetyenziselwa ukwenza irabha yendalo
• Irabha iveliswa kwizigidi zeetoni ngonyaka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sisixhobo esixabiseke kakhulu kuluhlu olubanzi lwemizi-mveliso.

Ukusebenza ngeRubber: IsiKhokelo kwiMathiriyeli eNgcono

Ukusebenza kunye nerubha yendalo yindlela yendabuko esetyenziswe kwiinkulungwane. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukucofa umthi werabha ukuqokelela i-latex, ethi ke ilungiswe ukuze ivelise imathiriyeli yerabha. Nanga amanyathelo asisiseko abandakanyekayo ekusebenzeni ngerabha yendalo:

• Ukucofa: Inkqubo yokucofa ibandakanya ukwenza amanxeba amancinci kwixolo lomthi werabha ukuvumela i-latex ukuba iphume.
• Ukuqokelelwa: I-latex iqokelelwa kwiikomityi kwaye emva koko ithunyelwe kwiplanti yokucubungula.
• I-Coagulation: I-latex iphathwa nge-asidi ukuze idibanise amaqhekeza kwaye yenze ubunzima obuqinileyo.
• Ukuhlamba: Ubunzima obuqinileyo buhlanjwa ukususa ukungcola kunye namanzi angaphezulu.
• Ukuqengqeleka: Irabha iqengqeleka ibe ngamashiti ize yomiswe.

Indlela yeNzululwazi yokuSebenza ngeRubha

Irabha yipolymer, oku kuthetha ukuba iqulathe amatyathanga amade eemolekyuli ezidityaniswe kunye. Indlela yenzululwazi yokusebenza ngerabha ibandakanya inkqubo entsonkothileyo evelisa izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo. Nanga amanyathelo aphambili abandakanyekayo kwindlela yesayensi yokusebenza ngerabha:

• Ukuxuba: Izinto zerabha zixutywe kunye nezinye izinto zokuphucula iimpawu zayo kwaye zenze kube lula ukusebenza nazo.
• Ukufudumeza: Umxube ufudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukuphucula amabhondi ekhemikhali phakathi kwama-molecule.
• Ukubumba: Irabha iye yenziwa ibe yimo efunwayo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukubumba kunye ne-extrusion.
• Ukunyanga: Irabha iye iphiliswe kubushushu obuphezulu ukuphucula amandla ayo kunye nokuqina.

Ukusetyenziswa kwerabha kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Irabha sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esixhasa usetyenziso oluninzi ehlabathini. Nangona kukho izinto ezininzi ezizezinye ezikhoyo, irabha isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa. Nalu olunye usetyenziso oluphambili lwerabha:

• Umbane: Irabha sisigqumatheli esigqwesileyo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iingcingo zombane kunye neentambo.
• Iimoto: Irabha isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iindawo ezininzi zemoto, kuquka amatayara, amabhanti kunye nemibhobho.
• Unyango: Irabha isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo zonyango, kubandakanya iiglavu kunye netyhubhu.
• I-Industrial: I-Rubber isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezininzi zoshishino, kubandakanywa amabhanti okuhambisa kunye neegesi.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, irabha yinto eyenziwe ngelatex emthini. Isetyenziselwa yonke into ukusuka kumatayara ukuya kwiiglavu kwaye iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi namhlanje. 

Ke, ngoku uyazi zonke izinto ezintsonkothileyo zerabha. Musa ukoyika ukubuza imibuzo ukuba akuqinisekanga ngento ethile!

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.